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The science behind the improved Fire TV voice search

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Put your hand up if you enjoy using your TV remote to type in the name of the show you want to watch next. Who doesn’t love shuffling the highlighted box across the screen, painstakingly selecting each letter in turn? And let’s not forget the joy of accidentally selecting a wrong letter.

Such text-based search works, but it can feel like a chore. It’s much easier and faster to just ask for what you want. With Amazon’s Fire TV, you can ask the Alexa voice assistant to find your favorite shows, movies, movie genres, actors … you name it.

But voice-based search can come with its own frustrations. What if Alexa misheard a request for the TV show Hunted as “haunted” and as a result presented a spooky screenful of incorrect suggestions?

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The phrase launches a feature built to help customers navigate an increasingly complex and diverse world of content.

This is a story of how two groups at Amazon — the Fire TV Search team and the Alexa Entertainment Spoken Language Understanding team — collaborated to launch an improved Fire TV voice search experience in the U.S. in November 2022.

The new search system gives customers a greater chance of finding what they are looking for, on their first attempt, by casting the search net a little wider — and a little smarter. It works by harnessing a suite of Alexa machine learning (ML) models to generate additional, similar-sounding words to inject into Fire TV’s search function to broaden the scope of the results presented to the customer. Hence its name: phonetically blended results (PBR). Today, about 80% of the 20 million or so unique search terms that Fire TV deals with are augmented by PBR.

To better understand PBR and why it was needed, let’s look at one reason the previous version of Fire TV voice search could get things wrong. A customer, in a noisy room full of excited children, holds down the microphone button on the Alexa Voice Remote and simply says “Find Encanto”.

Phonetically blended results give customers a greater chance of finding what they are looking for, on the first attempt, by harnessing a suite of machine learning models to generate additional, similar-sounding words to inject into Fire TV’s search function.

This piece of audio first goes to Alexa’s automatic-speech-recognition (ASR) system to be converted to text. But in this case, the system mishears the customer utterance and converts it to “Find Encounter”.

Fire TV’s search algorithm, known as ReRanker, faithfully performs the erroneous search and presents the customer with a selection of content with the word “encounter” in the title or description, prominently featuring, for example the Amazon original movie Encounter or popular TV shows that include that word. Encanto is nowhere to be seen. The customer sighs, asks the kids to pipe down, presses the microphone button and tries again. Or they resort to the very method they were trying to avoid in the first place: typing with the remote.

One challenge here is that because Alexa supports myriad applications, its ASR system is necessarily generalized.

“Previously, Alexa was not tuned into individual Fire TV customers’ preferences,” says Kanna Shimizu, senior manager of research science in Alexa AI’s Natural Understanding (NU) group, who led the PBR project. “That’s the layer my team is adding. We are connecting Alexa machine learning with Fire TV search algorithms to build toward an end-to-end algorithm to help customers find what they’re looking for.”

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The reason the voice search for Encanto failed is that the search process decided early on that “encounter” was the customer’s intended search query, so “Encanto” wasn’t even searched for.

“The big change that PBR introduced was to say, ‘Actually, the customer might have said or meant this other thing, but we’re not sure, so let’s search for both,’” says Shimizu. “Let’s keep the door open to different interpretations of what the customer may have said, so they can decide for themselves on the search results screen.”

How would our customer example look now? The search results page will now show Encanto as an option in addition to Encounter.

Building this keep-your-options-open approach into Fire TV voice search was complex for several reasons. One challenge is generating appropriate additional search candidates that are phonetically similar to the customer’s utterance. The next was changing Fire TV’s ReRanker algorithm, already a high-performing recommender system, to utilize the PBR system’s suggested search candidates when delivering results to the customer.

It’s really a two-way communication. We use Alexa models to improve the performance of Fire TV and we use Fire TV customer signals to improve the performance of Alexa models. It’s a very cool learning loop.

The PBR system addresses the first challenge in multiple ways. Most of the additional search candidates come from corrective actions taken by customers themselves. That’s because when a customer’s voice search fails to deliver what they are looking for, about 40% of the time they will try voice search again or type what they are looking for, leading to a successful viewing. Knowing the initial mistaken search term and the final successful one allows the PBR system to, for example, map the search candidate “Encounter” onto the additional search candidate “Encanto”.

That self-correction process is how PBR learned that the search term “hunted” sometimes represents a search for the 2018 Netflix reality series Haunted.

The PBR system can make these useful connections in part because it contains knowledge of the wider world via the Alexa Teacher Model, a large language model trained on enormous amounts of Internet data and subsequently fine-tuned with data including Fire TV voice traffic and customer self-corrections.

“It’s really a two-way communication,” says Mingxian Wang, senior applied scientist at Alexa AI-NU. “We use Alexa models to improve the performance of Fire TV and we use Fire TV customer signals to improve the performance of Alexa models. It’s a very cool learning loop.”

Besides the Alexa Teacher Model and the model that learns from customers’ on-screen search behavior, the PBR system also uses an Alexa model that identifies phonetic variations for popular titles, to further enrich its search results.

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Using a mixture of these three models, by the time it launched in late 2022, the PBR system had already generated millions of search-query mappings, such as “Encounter” to “Encanto” — and that number continues to grow. Here’s another example. To avoid Alexa mishearing “Zatima”, a popular new show and a novel word unknown to ASR, as “Fatima”, which is a movie and also a city in Portugal, PBR’s models suggests that Zatima also be presented along with Fatima.

“In this way, we serve the customer who wanted the new show and also don’t break the customer experience for those searching for the movie,” says Wang.

“It’s a subtle balance”

It’s one thing to suggest additional results to ReRanker. It’s another to change the algorithm to take PBR’s suggestions and present these results to customers. And if it does, how should it rank them on the results screen?

The teams solved this problem by inventing the PBR confidence score. With every search-query mapping, the PBR system provides ReRanker with a prediction of how likely the customer is to click on that result.

“We want customers to see our alternatives but don’t want to boost them higher than might be warranted, because we want to avoid overwhelming customers with irrelevant search results,” says Shimizu. “It’s a subtle balance, and that scoring mechanism was the key to making this whole thing succeed.”

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To illustrate this subtlety, consider the search term “Enchanted” (a fairy-tale movie). The PBR system estimates that search results based on this term will deliver a customer clickthrough rate (i.e., a successful search) of 60%. So this should be the most prominently displayed result.

But the search term “enchanted” also triggers several PBR candidates — “Encanto” (with an anticipated clickthrough rate of 20%) and “Disenchanted” (5%). You can see that by blending these similar-sounding shows into its results, ReRanker is more likely to strike gold for the customer.

“In testing, we saw the ReRanker model picking up on the PBR confidence score and boosting those search results higher. It learned that this feature was worth paying attention to,” says Aleksandr Kulikov, a principal software engineer at Fire TV.

“The Fire TV voice search is already successful for most customer voice searches — it’s easy to deliver popular searches like ‘Jack Ryan’ correctly — but for some customers, PBR is significantly improving their voice search experience,” says Kulikov. Where it makes the biggest difference is, of course, in ambiguous searches, where it can boost customer clickthroughs by 10% or more. “A gain of 10% is like, wow, that’s significant,” Kulikov adds.

And it will only get better with time. The Alexa and Fire TV teams are working toward a feedback learning system that will allow PBR’s models to automatically generate new search candidates, prune ineffective ones, and home in on increasingly accurate confidence scores.

Ultimately, bringing the power of multiple Alexa machine learning models to bear on Fire TV voice search is helping to give Amazon customers what they want the first time, more of the time, through a greater understanding of diverse voices and of the world itself. Hands up if you like the sound of that.





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An inside look at Meta’s transition from C to Rust on mobile

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Have you ever worked is legacy code? Are you curious what it takes to modernize systems at a massive scale?

Pascal Hartig is joined on the latest Meta Tech Podcast by Elaine and Buping, two software engineers working on a bold project to rewrite the decades-old C code in one of Meta’s core messaging libraries in Rust. It’s an ambitious effort that will transform a central messaging library that is shared across Messenger, Facebook, Instagram, and Meta’s AR/VR platforms.

They discuss taking on a project of this scope – even without a background in Rust, how they’re approaching it, and what it means to optimize for ‘developer happiness.’

Download or listen to the episode below:

You can also find the episode wherever you get your podcasts, including:

The Meta Tech Podcast is a podcast, brought to you by Meta, where we highlight the work Meta’s engineers are doing at every level – from low-level frameworks to end-user features.

Send us feedback on InstagramThreads, or X.

And if you’re interested in learning more about career opportunities at Meta visit the Meta Careers page.





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Amazon Research Awards recipients announced

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Amazon Research Awards (ARA) provides unrestricted funds and AWS Promotional Credits to academic researchers investigating various research topics in multiple disciplines. This cycle, ARA received many excellent research proposals from across the world and today is publicly announcing 73 award recipients who represent 46 universities in 10 countries.

This announcement includes awards funded under five call for proposals during the fall 2024 cycle: AI for Information Security, Automated Reasoning, AWS AI, AWS Cryptography, and Sustainability. Proposals were reviewed for the quality of their scientific content and their potential to impact both the research community and society. Additionally, Amazon encourages the publication of research results, presentations of research at Amazon offices worldwide, and the release of related code under open-source licenses.

Recipients have access to more than 700 Amazon public datasets and can utilize AWS AI/ML services and tools through their AWS Promotional Credits. Recipients also are assigned an Amazon research contact who offers consultation and advice, along with opportunities to participate in Amazon events and training sessions.

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“Automated Reasoning is an important area of research for Amazon, with potential applications across various features and applications to help improve security, reliability, and performance for our customers. Through the ARA program, we collaborate with leading academic researchers to explore challenges in this field,” said Robert Jones, senior principal scientist with the Cloud Automated Reasoning Group. “We were again impressed by the exceptional response to our Automated Reasoning call for proposals this year, receiving numerous high-quality submissions. Congratulations to the recipients! We’re excited to support their work and partner with them as they develop new science and technology in this important area.”

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“At Amazon, we believe that solving the world’s toughest sustainability challenges benefits from both breakthrough scientific research and open and bold collaboration. Through programs like the Amazon Research Awards program, we aim to support academic research that could contribute to our understanding of these complex issues,” said Kommy Weldemariam, Director of Science and Innovation Sustainability. “The selected proposals represent innovative projects that we hope will help advance knowledge in this field, potentially benefiting customers, communities, and the environment.”

ARA funds proposals throughout the year in a variety of research areas. Applicants are encouraged to visit the ARA call for proposals page for more information or send an email to be notified of future open calls.

The tables below list, in alphabetical order by last name, fall 2024 cycle call-for-proposal recipients, sorted by research area.

AI for Information Security

Recipient University Research title
Christopher Amato Northeastern University Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Cyber Defense for Securing Cloud Computing Platforms
Bernd Bischl Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Improving Generative and Foundation Models Reliability via Uncertainty-awareness
Shiqing Ma University Of Massachusetts Amherst LLM and Domain Adaptation for Attack Detection
Alina Oprea Northeastern University Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Cyber Defense for Securing Cloud Computing Platforms
Roberto Perdisci University of Georgia ContextADBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Contextual Anomaly Detection

Automated Reasoning

Recipient University Research title
Nada Amin Harvard University LLM-Augmented Semi-Automated Proofs for Interactive Verification
Suguman Bansal Georgia Institute of Technology Certified Inductive Generalization in Reinforcement Learning
Ioana Boureanu University of Surrey Phoebe+: An Automated-Reasoning Tool for Provable Privacy in Cryptographic Systems
Omar Haider Chowdhury Stony Brook University Restricter: An Automatic Tool for Authoring Amazon Cedar Access Control Policies with the Principle of Least Privilege
Stefan Ciobaca Alexandru Ioan Cuza University An Interactive Proof Mode for Dafny
João Ferreira INESC-ID Polyglot Automated Program Repair for Infrastructure as Code
Sicun Gao University Of California, San Diego Monte Carlo Trees with Conflict Models for Proof Search
Mirco Giacobbe University of Birmingham Neural Software Verification
Tobias Grosser University of Cambridge Synthesis-based Symbolic BitVector Simplification for Lean
Ronghui Gu Columbia University Scaling Formal Verification of Security Properties for Unmodified System Software
Alexey Ignatiev Monash University Huub: Next-Gen Lazy Clause Generation
Kenneth McMillan University of Texas At Austin Synthesis of Auxiliary Variables and Invariants for Distributed Protocol Verification
Alexandra Mendes University of Porto Overcoming Barriers to the Adoption of Verification-Aware Languages
Jason Nieh Columbia University Scaling Formal Verification of Security Properties for Unmodified System Software
Rohan Padhye Carnegie Mellon University Automated Synthesis and Evaluation of Property-Based Tests
Nadia Polikarpova University Of California, San Diego Discovering and Proving Critical System Properties with LLMs
Fortunat Rajaona University of Surrey Phoebe+: An Automated-Reasoning Tool for Provable Privacy in Cryptographic Systems
Subhajit Roy Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Theorem Proving Modulo LLM
Gagandeep Singh University of Illinois At Urbana–Champaign Trustworthy LLM Systems using Formal Contracts
Scott Stoller Stony Brook University Restricter: An Automatic Tool for Authoring Amazon Cedar Access Control Policies with the Principle of Least Privilege
Peter Stuckey Monash University Huub: Next-Gen Lazy Clause Generation
Yulei Sui University of New South Wales Path-Sensitive Typestate Analysis through Sparse Abstract Execution
Nikos Vasilakis Brown University Semantics-Driven Static Analysis for the Unix/Linux Shell
Ping Wang Stevens Institute of Technology Leveraging Large Language Models for Reasoning Augmented Searching on Domain-specific NoSQL Database
John Wawrzynek University of California, Berkeley GPU-Accelerated High-Throughput SAT Sampling

AWS AI

Recipient University Research title
Panagiotis Adamopoulos Emory University Generative AI solutions for The Spillover Effect of Fraudulent Reviews on Product Recommendations
Vikram Adve University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Fellini: Differentiable ML Compiler for Full-Graph Optimization for LLM Models
Frances Arnold California Institute of Technology Closed-loop Generative Machine Learning for De Novo Enzyme Discovery and Optimization
Yonatan Bisk Carnegie Mellon University Useful, Safe, and Robust Multiturn Interactions with LLMs
Shiyu Chang University of California, Santa Barbara Cut the Crap: Advancing the Efficient Communication of Multi-Agent Systems via Spatial-Temporal Topology Design and KV Cache Sharing
Yuxin Chen University of Pennsylvania Provable Acceleration of Diffusion Models for Modern Generative AI
Tianlong Chen University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Cut the Crap: Advancing the Efficient Communication of Multi-Agent Systems via Spatial-Temporal Topology Design and KV Cache Sharing
Mingyu Ding University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Aligning Long Videos and Language as Long-Horizon World Models
Nikhil Garg Cornell University Market Design for Responsible Multi-agent LLMs
Jessica Hullman Northwestern University Human-Aligned Uncertainty Quantification in High Dimensions
Christopher Jermaine Rice University Fast, Trusted AI Using the EINSUMMABLE Compiler
Yunzhu Li Columbia University Physics-Informed Foundation Models Through Embodied Interactions
Pattie Maes Massachusetts Institute of Technology Understanding How LLM Agents Deviate from Human Choices
Sasa Misailovic University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Fellini: Differentiable ML Compiler for Full-Graph Optimization for LLM Models
Kristina Monakhova Cornell University Trustworthy extreme imaging for science using interpretable uncertainty quantification
Todd Mowry Carnegie Mellon University Efficient LLM Serving on Trainium via Kernel Generation
Min-hwan Oh Seoul National University Mutually Beneficial Interplay Between Selection Fairness and Context Diversity in Contextual Bandits
Patrick Rebeschini University of Oxford Optimal Regularization for LLM Alignment
Jose Renau University of California, Santa Cruz Verification Constrained Hardware Optimization using Intelligent Design Agentic Programming
Vilma Todri Emory University Generative AI solutions for The Spillover Effect of Fraudulent Reviews on Product Recommendations
Aravindan Vijayaraghavan Northwestern University Human-Aligned Uncertainty Quantification in High Dimensions
Wei Yang University of Texas at Dallas Optimizing RISC-V Compilers with RISC-LLM and Syntax Parsing
Huaxiu Yao University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Aligning Long Videos and Language as Long-Horizon World Models
Amy Zhang University of Washington Tools for Governing AI Agent Autonomy
Ruqi Zhang Purdue University Efficient Test-time Alignment for Large Language Models and Large Multimodal Models
Zheng Zhang Rutgers University-New Brunswick AlphaQC: An AI-powered Quantum Circuit Optimizer and Denoiser

AWS Cryptography

Recipient University Research title
Alexandra Boldyreva Georgia Institute of Technology Quantifying Information Leakage in Searchable Encryption Protocols
Maria Eichlseder Graz University of Technology, Austria SALAD – Systematic Analysis of Lightweight Ascon-based Designs
Venkatesan Guruswami University of California, Berkeley Obfuscation, Proof Systems, and Secure Computation: A Research Program on Cryptography at the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing
Joseph Jaeger Georgia Institute of Technology Analyzing Chat Encryption for Group Messaging
Aayush Jain Carnegie Mellon Large Scale Multiparty Silent Preprocessing for MPC from LPN
Huijia Lin University of Washington Large Scale Multiparty Silent Preprocessing for MPC from LPN
Hamed Nemati KTH Royal Institute of Technology Trustworthy Automatic Verification of Side-Channel Countermeasures for Binary Cryptographic Programs using the HoIBA libary
Karl Palmskog KTH Royal Institute of Technology Trustworthy Automatic Verification of Side-Channel Countermeasures for Binary Cryptographic Programs using the HoIBA libary
Chris Peikert University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Practical Third-Generation FHE and Bootstrapping
Dimitrios Skarlatos Carnegie Mellon University Scale-Out FHE LLMs on GPUs
Vinod Vaikuntanathan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Can Quantum Computers (Really) Factor?
Daniel Wichs Northeastern University Obfuscation, Proof Systems, and Secure Computation: A Research Program on Cryptography at the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing
David Wu University Of Texas At Austin Fast Private Information Retrieval and More using Homomorphic Encryption

Sustainability

Recipient University Research title
Meeyoung Cha Max Planck Institute Forest-Blossom (Flossom): A New Framework for Sustaining Forest Biodiversity Through Outcome-Driven Remote Sensing Monitoring
Jingrui He University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Foundation Model Enabled Earth’s Ecosystem Monitoring
Pedro Lopes University of Chicago AI-powered Tools that Enable Engineers to Make & Re-make Sustainable Hardware
Cheng Yaw Low Max Planck Institute Forest-Blossom (Flossom): A New Framework for Sustaining Forest Biodiversity Through Outcome-Driven Remote Sensing Monitoring





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Independent evaluations demonstrate Nova Premier’s safety

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AI safety is a priority at Amazon. Our investment in safe, transparent, and responsible AI (RAI) includes collaboration with the global community and policymakers. We are members of and collaborate with organizations such as the Frontier Model Forum, the Partnership on AI, and other forums organized by government agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Consistent with Amazon’s endorsement of the Korea Frontier AI Safety Commitments, we published our Frontier Model Safety Framework earlier this year.

Amazon Nova Premier’s guardrails help prevent generation of unsafe content.

During the development of the Nova Premier model, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation to assess its performance and safety. This included testing on both internal and public benchmarks and internal/automated and third-party red-teaming exercises. Once the final model was ready, we prioritized obtaining unbiased, third-party evaluations of the model’s robustness against RAI controls. In this post, we outline the key findings from these evaluations, demonstrating the strength of our testing approach and Amazon Premier’s standing as a safe model. Specifically, we cover our evaluations with two third-party evaluators: PRISM AI and ActiveFence.

Evaluation of Nova Premier against PRISM AI

PRISM Eval’s Behavior Elicitation Tool (BET) dynamically and systematically stress-tests AI models’ safety guardrails. The methodology focuses on measuring how many adversarial attempts (steps) it takes to get a model to generate harmful content across several key risk dimensions. The central metric is “steps to elicit” — the number of increasingly sophisticated prompting attempts required before a model generates an inappropriate response. A higher number of steps indicates stronger safety measures, as the model is more resistant to manipulation. The PRISM risk dimensions (inspired by the MLCommons AI Safety Benchmarks) include CBRNE weapons, violent crimes, non-violent crimes, defamation, and hate, amongst several others.

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Using the BET Eval tool and its V1.0 metric, which is tailored toward non-reasoning models, we compared the recently released Nova models (Pro and Premier) to the latest models in the same class: Claude (3.5 v2 and 3.7 non-reasoning) and Llama4 Maverick, all available through Amazon Bedrock. PRISM BET conducts black-box evaluations (where model developers don’t have access to the test prompts) of models integrated with their API. The evaluation conducted with BET Eval MAX, PRISM’s most comprehensive/aggressive testing suite, revealed significant variations in safety against malicious instructions. Nova models demonstrated superior overall safety performance, with an average of 43 steps for Premier and 52 steps for Pro, compared to 37.7 for Claude 3.5 v2 and fewer than 12 steps for other models in the comparison set (namely, 9.9 for Claude3.7, 11.5 for Claude 3.7 thinking, and 6.5 for Maverick). This higher step count suggests that on average, Nova’s safety guardrails are more sophisticated and harder to circumvent through adversarial prompting. The figure below presents the number of steps per harm category evaluated through BET Eval MAX.

Results of tests using PRISM’s BET Eval MAX testing suite.

The PRISM evaluation provides valuable insights into the relative safety of different Amazon Bedrock models. Nova’s strong performance, particularly in hate speech and defamation resistance, represents meaningful progress in AI safety. However, the results also highlight the ongoing challenge of building truly robust safety measures into AI systems. As the field continues to evolve, frameworks like BET will play an increasingly important role in benchmarking and improving AI safety. As a part of this collaboration Nicolas Miailhe, CEO of PRISM Eval, said, “It’s incredibly rewarding for us to see Nova outperforming strong baselines using the BET Eval MAX; our aim is to build a long-term partnership toward safer-by-design models and to make BET available to various model providers.” Organizations deploying AI systems should carefully consider these safety metrics when selecting models for their applications.

Manual red teaming with ActiveFence

The AI safety & security company ActiveFence benchmarked Nova Premier on Bedrock on prompts distributed across Amazon’s eight core RAI categories. ActiveFence also evaluated Claude 3.7 (non-reasoning mode) and GPT 4.1 API on the same set. The flag rate on Nova Premier was lower than that on the other two models, indicating that Nova Premier is the safest of the three.

Model 3P Flag Rate [↓ is better]
Nova Premier 12.0%
Sonnet 3.7 (non-reasoning) 20.6%
GPT4.1 API 22.4%

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Generative AI raises new challenges in defining, measuring, and mitigating concerns about fairness, toxicity, and intellectual property, among other things. But work has started on the solutions.

“Our role is to think like an adversary but act in service of safety,” said Guy Paltieli from ActiveFence. “By conducting a blind stress test of Nova Premier under realistic threat scenarios, we helped evaluate its security posture in support of Amazon’s broader responsible-AI goals, ensuring the model could be deployed with greater confidence.”

These evaluations conducted with PRISM and ActiveFence give us confidence in the strength of our guardrails and our ability to protect our customers’ safety when they use our models. While these evaluations demonstrate strong safety performance, we recognize that AI safety is an ongoing challenge requiring continuous improvement. These assessments represent a point-in-time snapshot, and we remain committed to regular testing and enhancement of our safety measures. No AI system can guarantee perfect safety in all scenarios, which is why we maintain monitoring and response systems after deployment.

Acknowledgments: Vincent Ponzo, Elyssa Vincent





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