School leaders in England are having to double up as caretakers and lollipop men and women as funding “hits rock bottom”, teaching unions have said.

Others are having to call on relatives to help fix crumbling buildings and do other odd jobs after years of “inadequate” funding for schools, they said.

Seven in 10 schools are struggling with real-terms cuts to their budgets since 2010 – 1,200 more than last year – according to the Stop School Cuts coalition, which has been monitoring school funding levels for almost a decade.

Research by the coalition, which is made up of three education unions, school governors and a parents’ charity, found more than 1,000 schools had suffered cumulative real-terms cuts in excess of £1m each, with Essex, Birmingham and Kent among the hardest hit areas.

Despite “some welcome funding this year”, the Labour government has failed to reverse a historic decline in spending as a proportion of GDP at a time when schools are struggling to deal with the rising cost of maintaining crumbling buildings, special educational needs, staffing, and food and energy costs, the coalition said.

Chris Ashley-Jones, the executive headteacher of Hitherfield primary school in south London, is having to double up as a lollipop man because he has insufficient support staff to fill the role. He has also just taken on the role of designated safeguarding lead.

“This year things have got as bad as I’ve seen in my nearly 20 years of headship,” he said. “Across schools in Lambeth I’m seeing exhausted staff, morale is low and we are seeing more and more dilapidated school buildings across the borough.

“In my school we have had to cut pretty much all areas of support staff and services, from additional language to mental health. We are relying on our parent-teacher association for reading books, playground equipment and more.”

Claire Wilson, the head of Wood End infant and preschool in Milton Keynes, said: “After more than a decade of cuts, further savings are getting impossible to find. I had already cut spending to the bare bones.”

In the absence of a caretaker, the school business manager has been putting out the bins. “Our entire capital budget is just £4,500 which has to cover all building repairs, ICT and health and safety, it’s laughable,” Wilson said. “We’ve had to have relatives of staff come in to do odd jobs for us, like repairing a collapsed shed in the play area.”

The general secretary of the National Education Union, Daniel Kebede, said: “Funding for English schools has hit rock bottom. The result is overstretched school staff, crumbling buildings and harm to our children’s education, with some of the largest class sizes in Europe. We are urging the government to decisively deal with the school funding crisis once and for all and properly fund our children’s schooling.”

The general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, Paul Whiteman, said members were being asked to do more with less, including growing demand for special educational needs support. “School leaders share the government’s ambition for inclusion, but are warning that system reform must be accompanied with sufficient funding,” he said.

The Department for Education has been contacted for comment.

There is a secret industry that generates billions of dollars a year. Its workers are bright, industrious and completely anonymous. Their job is writing essays to order for students – in the UK and elsewhere – to help them get good degrees.

These are “shadow scholars”, highly educated Kenyans who earn a living by working for essay mills. They are contracted to ghostwrite essays, PhD dissertations and other academic papers for students across the world, who pay a fee then pass off the work as their own.

The role is not unique to Kenya. There are similar writers in India, Pakistan and any other number of countries, including the UK, but Kenya has been identified as a hotspot, with an estimated 40,000 ghostwriters working in Nairobi alone.

They are the subject of a new film that talks for the first time to the young Kenyans who may be writing an essay or dissertation on any topic from mechanical engineering, nursing or quantum physics to Jane Austen, linguistics or Ho Chi Minh.

Smart, ambitious, well-educated and tech-savvy, they worked hard to get to university, they graduated with good degrees, but there are no jobs. Instead they spend their days – and nights – logging on to essay-writing platforms, scrolling down the list of assignments and making their bids to win the work.

The cameras follow the sociologist and Oxford professor Patricia Kingori as she travels to Nairobi to interview the writers and explore the power dynamics that enable students in countries such as the UK to secure degrees and begin lucrative careers without doing their own work.

She is bowled over by the young people she meets. “They’re incredible,” she told the Guardian. “I felt like I was entering a kind of elite athletes’ camp. It’s like being a recreational jogger and then suddenly entering an Olympic village.

“You’re able to write an essay, on a subject you’ve learned nothing about, in six hours? How are you able to do this? They have to meet these deadlines, otherwise they get badly reviewed and they get kicked off the platform. They don’t get extensions. They don’t get sick notes. They just have to do it.”

Kingori, who is Kenyan-born, meets Mercy, a graduate and mother of Angel, who works through the night, sometimes having to master two different subjects for two different assignments in the space of 12 hours. She has had only three hours’ sleep, but she needs the money.

With the money he has made, Chege, who describes himself as one of Kenya’s academic writing pioneers, paid for his own education, supported his sister through her degree, built his parents a house and bought himself a car.

The writers create fake IDs, using white profiles and names, because they say it helps convince clients they are up to the task. “If you go online now and try to find help with an essay, invariably they sell you the service as if it’s coming from somebody that’s in the UK or the US,” said Kingori.

“Nothing that I’ve seen will tell you that this is somebody in Nairobi. There’s this idea that this could not be coming from an African country. This level of intellect and skills could not be coming from people in Kenya.

“Africa isn’t the place that educates us, right? This is the place where we do all the cake sales for, it’s not the place that is actually propping up all of our educational institutions. So I think turning that on its head is really important.”

One of the writers in the film says: “They want our ideas. They just don’t want us.”

Another says: “There’s no Kenyan writer who called an American citizen and asked them to do an assignment for them.”

The best paid can earn as much as a doctor in Nairobi. Pricing can range from less than £1 a page to thousands of pounds for a whole dissertation. Adrian has written essays for students at the universities of Oxford and Leeds, among others. Asked about the ethics of what he does, he said: “For me, I’m gaining knowledge. I would pass that question to the client.”

On the other side of the world is Kate, a US student who was falling behind with her studies and sold nudes so she could pay $300 for someone else to write her essays. Her parents invested their life savings in her education, which is costing tens of thousands of dollars a year, and she cannot bear to let them down.

Essay mills were banned in England in 2022, but according to Thomas Lancaster, a computer scientist and expert on contract cheating at Imperial College London, students are still using them, though the advent of generative AI is changing the landscape.

“Contract cheating and the use of essay mills remains a major problem in UK higher education, as students are getting awards that they do not deserve. This is unfair to the vast majority of students, who are working and studying hard,” he said.

“Some students have moved to using genAI systems like ChatGPT in place of contracting to an essay mill. I’ve also heard that there is a market now for students who use genAI to create a first draft, but then hire a writer to check the content and to rewrite it so that it is not detected as AI-generated.”

Kingori is angry at what the film uncovers. “Power makes itself invisible so we don’t question whether things should be the way they are. It enrages me. This should not be why Kenya is on the map, and if the world was fair, these scholars would be able to operate on the world stage as themselves.”

All names have been changed. The Shadow Scholars can be seen in select UK cinemas from 16 September and on Channel 4 on 24 September at 10pm

If you’re planning to go to university, you may also be thinking about getting a job while studying. But it can be difficult to know where to look, especially if you’re moving to an unfamiliar city.

The most important thing is to find a job that’s flexible enough to fit alongside your studies. With the third term increasingly quiet or even empty you might consider filling it with temporary work – but remember your main goal is to get a degree that opens the door to the career you want. Many universities, including Edinburgh, Birmingham and Brunel, recommend working no more than an average of 15 hours a week during term time so that your studies aren’t compromised.

Aside from the usual job search platforms such as LinkedIn, Indeed and Reed, there are other sites worth a look if you want flexible work either during term time or the holidays. Jobtoday, Caterer, E4s, StudentJob and JobsBear all list jobs around the UK, including casual work.

As well as searching on job sites, you could contact local catering companies – they often let you pick up waitering shifts as and when they suit you. From October, Christmas temp roles are worth looking out for as many retail and hospitality companies will be offering flexible working contracts during this time.

Working for a chain that has branches around the country is great because it can give you the flexibility of transferring to another outlet when moving between home and university and vice-versa.

When you get to university, your campus will have an employability or careers team. They should be able to give you guidance on finding jobs in the area, as well as helping you with your CV and cover letter.

Even if the role does not match what you hope to do for a living post-university, having a job while studying will equip you with essential life skills. All jobs involve being organised and punctual, many will help you build resilience and your communication skills as you deal with different people and situations.

Roles such as restaurant work can have great transferable skills such as conflict resolution (dealing with awkward customers), building rapport (with colleagues and not-awkward customers) and being able to work well under pressure. These will all serve you well on your CV.

“Increasingly, major graduate employers are prioritising skills over academic qualifications when selecting candidates,” says Claire Tyler, head of insights at the Institute of Student Employers, the biggest UK student recruitment community.

“We recommend students research the skill requirements of the graduate employers they may wish to apply to after university and then seek part-time work which will help demonstrate these skills.

“Developing skills during part-time employment work is an accessible way students can ensure they stand out in a competitive graduate job market.”