This story is originally published by Stateline.

California and New York could become the first states to establish rules aiming to prevent the most advanced, large-scale artificial intelligence models — known as frontier AI models — from causing catastrophic harm involving dozens of casualties or billion-dollar damages.

The bill in California, which passed the state Senate earlier this year, would require large developers of frontier AI systems to implement and disclose certain safety protocols used by the company to mitigate the risk of incidents contributing to the deaths of 50 or more people or damages amounting to more than $1 billion.

The bill, which is under consideration in the state Assembly, would also require developers to create a frontier AI framework that includes best practices for using the models. Developers would have to publish a transparency report that discloses the risk assessments used while developing the model. 

In June, New York state lawmakers approved a similar measure; Democratic Gov. Kathy Hochul has until the end of the year to decide whether to  sign it into law.

Under the measure, before deploying a frontier AI model, large developers would be required to implement a safety policy to prevent the risk of critical harm — including the death or serious injury of more than 100 people or at least $1 billion in damages — caused or enabled by a frontier model through the creation or use of large-scale weapons systems or through AI committing criminal acts.  

Frontier AI models are large-scale systems that exist at the forefront of artificial intelligence innovation. These models, such as OpenAI’s GPT-5, Google’s Gemini Ultra and others, are highly advanced and can perform a wide range of tasks by processing substantial amounts of data. These powerful models also have the potential to cause catastrophic harm. 

California legislators last year attempted to pass stricter regulations on large developers to prevent the catastrophic harms of AI, but Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom vetoed the bill. He said in his veto message that it would apply “stringent standards to even the most basic functions” of large AI systems. He wrote that small models could be “equally or even more dangerous” and worried about the bill curtailing innovation.

Over the following year, the Joint California Policy Working Group on AI Frontier Models wrote and published its report on how to approach frontier AI policy. The report emphasized the importance of empirical research, policy analyses and balance between the technology’s benefits and risks.

Tech developers and industry groups have opposed the bills in both states. Paul Lekas, the senior vice president of global public policy at the Software & Information Industry Association, wrote in an emailed statement to Stateline that California’s measure, while intended to promote responsible AI development, “is not the way to advance this goal, build trust in AI systems, and support consumer protection.”

The bill would create “an overly prescriptive and burdensome framework that risks stifling frontier model development without adequately improving safety,” he said, the same problems that led to last year’s veto. “The bill remains untethered to measurable standards, and its vague disclosure and reporting mandates create a new layer of operational burdens.”

NetChoice, a trade association of online businesses including Amazon, Google and Meta, sent a letter to Hochul in June, urging the governor to veto New York’s proposed legislation. 

“While the goal of ensuring the safe development of artificial intelligence is laudable, this legislation is constructed in a way that would unfortunately undermine its very purpose, harming innovation, economic competitiveness, and the development of solutions to some of our most pressing problems, without effectively improving public safety,” wrote Patrick Hedger, the director of policy at NetChoice.

Stateline reporter Madyson Fitzgerald can be reached at mfitzgerald@stateline.org.

Stateline is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Stateline maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Scott S. Greenberger for questions: info@stateline.org.

The NFL Week 2 schedule gets underway with a Thursday Night Football matchup between NFC playoff teams from a year ago. The Washington Commanders battle the Green Bay Packers beginning at 8:15 p.m. ET from Lambeau Field in Green Bay. Second-year quarterback Jayden Daniels led the Commanders to a 21-6 opening-day win over the New York Giants, completing 19 of 30 passes for 233 yards and one touchdown. Jordan Love, meanwhile, helped propel the Packers to a dominating 27-13 win over the Detroit Lions in Week 1. He completed 16 of 22 passes for 188 yards and two touchdowns. 

NFL prop bettors will likely target the two young quarterbacks with NFL prop picks, in addition to proven playmakers like Terry McLaurin, Deebo Samuel and Josh Jacobs. Green Bay’s Jayden Reed has been dealing with a foot injury, but still managed to haul in a touchdown pass in the opener. The Packers enter as a 3.5-point favorite with Green Bay at -187 on the money line. The over/under is 48.5 points. Before betting any Commanders vs. Packers props for Thursday Night Football, you need to see the Commanders vs. Packers prop predictions powered by SportsLine’s Machine Learning Model AI.

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Oklahoma lawmakers are considering investing in a new platform that aids in parole and probation check-ins through monitoring with artificial intelligence and fingerprint and facial scans. 

The state could be the first in the nation to use the Montana-based company Global Accountability’s technology for parole and probation monitoring, said CEO Jim Kinsey. 

Global Accountability is also pitching its Absolute ID platform to states to prevent fraud with food stamp benefits and track case workers and caregivers in the foster care system. 

A pilot program for 300 parolees and 25 to 40 officers would cost Oklahoma around $2 million for one year, though the exact amount would depend on the number of programs the state wants to use the platform for, Kinsey said.

The Oklahoma Department of Corrections already uses an offender monitoring platform with the capability for check-ins using facial recognition, a spokesperson for the agency said in an email. Supervising officers can allow certain low-level offenders with smartphones to check in monthly through a mobile app instead of an office visit.

The state agency is “always interested in having conversations with companies that might be able to provide services that can create efficiencies in our practices,” the spokesperson said in a statement. 

States like Illinois, Virginia and Idaho have adopted similar technology, though Global Accountability executives say their platform is unique because of its combination of biometrics, location identification and a feature creating virtual boundaries that send an alert to an officer when crossed.

The Absolute ID platform has the capacity to collect a range of data, including location and movement, but states would be able to set rules on what data actually gets captured, Kinsey said.

During an interim study at the Oklahoma House of Representatives in August, company representatives said their technology could monitor people on parole and probation through smartphones and smartwatches. Users would have to scan their face or fingerprint to access the platform for scheduled check-ins. The company could implement workarounds for certain offenders who can’t have access to a smartphone. 

There are 428 people across the state using ankle monitors, an Oklahoma Department of Corrections spokesperson said. The agency uses the monitors for aggravated drug traffickers, sex offenders and prisoners participating in a GPS-monitored reentry program. 

“That is a working technology,” said David Crist, lead compliance officer for Global Accountability. “It’s great in that it does what it should do, but it’s not keeping up with the needs.”

The Absolute ID platform uses artificial intelligence to find patterns in data, like changes in the places a prisoner visits or how often they charge their device, Crist said. It can also flag individuals for review by an officer based on behaviors like missing check-ins, visiting unauthorized areas or allowing their device to die.

Agencies would create policies that determine potential consequences, which could involve a call or visit from an officer, Crist said. He also said no action would be taken without a final decision from a supervising officer. 

“Ultimately, what we’re trying to do is reduce some of the workload of officers because they can’t be doing this 24/7,” Crist said. “But some of our automation can. And it’s not necessarily taking any action, but it is providing assistance.”

Parolees and probationers can also text message and call their supervising officers through the platform.

The state could provide smartphones or watches to people on parole or probation or require them to pay for the devices themselves, said Crist. He also said the state could make prisoners’ failure to carry their phone with them or pay their phone bill a violation of parole.

Rep. Ross Ford, R-Broken Arrow, who organized the study, said in an interview with the Frontier he first learned about Global Accountability several years ago and was impressed by their platform. 

Ford said he doesn’t see the associated costs for parolees and probationers, like keeping up with phone bills, as a problem.

“I want to help them get back on their feet,” Ford said. “I want to do everything I can to make sure that they’re successful when they’re released from the penitentiary. But you have to also pay your debt to society too and part of that is paying fees.” 

Ford said he thinks using the platform to monitor parole, probation and food stamp benefits could help the state save money. He’s requested another interim study on using the company’s technology for food stamp benefits, but a date hasn’t been posted yet. 

Other legislators are more skeptical of the platform. Rep. Jim Olsen, R-Roland, said he thought the platform could be helpful, but he doesn’t see a benefit to Oklahoma being an early adopter. He said he’d like to let software companies work out some of the kinks first and then consider investing when the technology becomes less expensive.

Rep. David Hardin, R-Stilwell, said he remains unconvinced by Global Accountability’s presentation. He said the Department of Corrections would likely need to request a budget increase to fund the program, which would need legislative approval. Unless the company can alleviate some of his concerns, he said he doubts any related bill would pass the Public Safety committee that he chairs. 

“You can tell me anything,” Hardin said. “I want to see what you’re doing. I want you to prove to me that it’s going to work before I start authorizing the sale of taxpayer money.” 

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