Technology giant Apple was accused by authors in a lawsuit on Friday of illegally using their copyrighted books to help train its artificial intelligence systems, part of an expanding legal fight over protections for intellectual property in the AI era.

The proposed class action, filed in the federal court in Northern California, said Apple copied protected works without consent and without credit or compensation.

“Apple has not attempted to pay these authors for their contributions to this potentially lucrative venture,” according to the lawsuit, filed by authors Grady Hendrix and Jennifer Roberson.

Apple and lawyers for the plaintiffs did not immediately respond to requests for comment on Friday.

The lawsuit is the latest in a wave of cases from authors, news outlets and others accusing major technology companies of violating legal protections for their works.

Artificial intelligence startup Anthropic on Friday disclosed in a court filing in California that it agreed to pay $1.5 billion to settle a class action from a group of authors who accused the company of using their books to train its AI chatbot Claude without permission.

Anthropic did not admit any liability in the accord, which lawyers for the plaintiffs called the largest publicly reported copyright recovery in history.

In June, Microsoft was hit with a lawsuit by a group of authors who claimed the company used their books without permission to train its Megatron artificial intelligence model. Meta Platforms and Microsoft-backed OpenAI also have faced claims over the alleged misuse of copyrighted material in AI training.

The lawsuit against Apple accused the company of using a known body of pirated books to train its “OpenELM” large language models.

Hendrix, who lives in New York, and Roberson in Arizona, said their works were part of the pirated dataset, according to the lawsuit.

Apple has been drawn into the growing legal battle over the use of copyrighted works in artificial intelligence training, after two authors filed a lawsuit in the United States accusing the technology giant of misusing their books.

Claims of pirated dataset use

The proposed class action, lodged on Friday in federal court in Northern California, alleges that Apple copied protected works without permission, acknowledgement or compensation. Authors Grady Hendrix and Jennifer Roberson claim their books were included in a dataset of pirated material that Apple allegedly used to train its “OpenELM” large language models.

The filing argues that Apple has failed to seek consent or provide remuneration, despite the commercial potential of its AI systems. Both the company and the authors’ legal representatives declined to comment when approached.

Part of a wider copyright battle?

The case adds to a mounting wave of litigation targeting technology firms over intellectual property in the AI age. Earlier this week, AI start-up Anthropic disclosed it had reached a $1.5 billion settlement with a group of authors who accused the company of using their books to develop its Claude chatbot without authorisation. The payout, which Anthropic agreed to without admitting liability, has been described by lawyers as the largest publicly reported copyright settlement to date.

Lawyers who represented the authors against Anthropic described the accord as unprecedented. “This settlement sends a powerful message to AI companies and creators alike that taking copyrighted works from pirate websites is wrong,” said Justin Nelson of Susman Godfrey.

The settlement is among the first to be reached in a wave of copyright lawsuits filed against AI firms, including Microsoft, OpenAI, Meta and Midjourney, over their use of proprietary online content. Some competitors have pre-emptively struck licensing deals with publishers to avoid litigation; Anthropic has not disclosed any such agreements.

(With inputs from Reuters)

By the end of 2025, the AI market in HR is set to reach nearly $7 billion—almost a billion more than in 2024. Global corporations are ready to invest heavily in technology to attract top talent. But amid the surge of AI adoption, recruitment is going through turbulent times. What was once a predominantly manual process has transformed into a high-tech operation—both for candidates and employers—so much so that the market sometimes finds AI competing not with humans, but with other AI systems.

Understanding these new trends has become crucial both for career consultants and job seekers. How to avoid missing out on promising positions in an algorithm-driven world, where to find your place in the evolving tech landscape, and how to turn AI to your advantage—all of this is explained by Anna Gagarina, career development expert, founder of Job Mentor, an AI platform for career guidance.

Anna, before you began guiding others in effective job searching, you went through an extensive personal journey exploring different countries and careers. When and how did that journey begin?

I often joke that I’m the classic millennial from the memes—the one who had no clue what she wanted to be when she grew up. My career choice was entirely spontaneous: I didn’t go into business or technology; I studied history. I dedicated seven years of my life to it, winning competitions, publishing academic papers, and presenting at conferences—but even during university, I realised that teaching probably wasn’t for me. Then I wondered: who needs all this?

This personal crisis coincided with my first encounter with the business world. I had no prior experience—neither personal nor family-related. Everything started from scratch: I studied the profession, explored case studies, and observed people and companies. I took short courses in sales and marketing, and my head was bursting with information so different from the academic world I was used to. But it was during an internship at an educational company that I truly discovered a new world. I think that was my first real breakthrough in mindset—a step onto the career path I’ve been following for over 11 years.

The relocations were truly pivotal moments for me. In 2020, I was invited to work in Ireland, where I first met families who had been running their businesses for generations. That experience gave me a key insight: “It’s possible to build a business for the long term, creating a legacy and a community around it.”

Another breakthrough came to me after moving to the U.S. Here, I saw what real competition for talent looks like, how to plan a career strategically, and how to consciously and methodically build a path to success, brick by brick. In Russia, decisions are often made with a “just don’t miss out” mindset; here, people follow the principle: “Your career today is an investment in your wealth 50 years from now.”

And so much depends on your ability to build relationships—and how you do it. You can be extremely talented, but if you can’t forge connections, your talent alone won’t take you far.

At what point did you decide to focus on AI when it comes to attracting top talent?

Honestly, I’m not an early adopter or a tech evangelist.

By nature—both personally and professionally—I’ve always been a bit of a conservative. The real turning point came when I started working with companies from Silicon Valley. At first, I didn’t even handle ChatGPT very well—but I quickly learned, and then it hit me: “If even a total tech novice like me can master this, it’s clear this technology is going to change the world.”

From there, client demand pushed me further. I began to see exactly which talents the market needed, where investments were flowing, and what new opportunities and roles were emerging as these technologies advanced. That’s when I realised: as a career consultant, I simply had to move toward AI and emerging tech—because they are shaping the near future of careers.

My first large-scale experiments with AI tools started in the corporate space. As a recruiter, for example, AI-driven sourcing lets me identify more than 100 candidates a day for leading startups and draft over 50 personalized professional emails—even in a language that isn’t my own. This proactive approach helps companies hire high-quality, high-potential talent, where the balance of time and quality is impossible to overstate: every day without a qualified employee can cost a company tens of thousands of dollars. AI also delivers another critical edge—speed. With it, I can create extensive training programs, learning materials, and simulations in just hours instead of months.

You’ve developed over 40 corporate programs and advised more than 1000 HR professionals. Which project was a true breakthrough for you?

I’d say it was a project tied to an employee career management course, where I worked with HR specialists from large companies. A single 20-minute consultation with me could evolve into a full-scale project that was later implemented across companies with 10,000 or even 20,000 employees. This fundamentally changed my mindset: as an individual consultant, you work one-on-one with a client. But when your idea scales within a company of thousands, you’re genuinely influencing the system.

One outcome of this realization was the creation of my project, Job Mentor. The idea stemmed from a very personal challenge: I ran into the classic consulting problem—my resources were limited by my time and expertise. Gradually, I began automating processes, starting with reports, content, and analytics.

Over the past two years, I’ve guided more than 200 career consultations, integrating AI into every step—from defining career paths to refining résumés and identifying the right opportunities. What started as an experiment has grown into a structured system: I begin by introducing clients to AI tools, then provide customized agents that help automate job searches and self-reflection. The result is tangible: I save hours of work, while clients gain something even more valuable—time they can spend with family instead of navigating endless applications. And this was only the first stage of the transition.

At some point, I asked myself: “Could I replace myself entirely?” That’s how the idea for a service where my calendar and 15 hours of individual work aren’t needed was born. Instead, users get a ready-made solution in just 30 minutes of interacting with the system. This drastically lowers the cost of the service and makes it accessible to a much wider audience.

Traditional career coaching doesn’t come cheap. In the U.S., an hour with a consultant averages around $400, while full-service packages often range from $2,000 to $3,000.
By contrast, an AI-powered consultation costs about $100. Of course, no algorithm can fully replace the human connection—but what if you need urgent career support and can’t afford traditional fees? For some, a job is a matter of survival; for others, it’s the chance to unlock potential and achieve a breakthrough in their field. Ultimately, expanding access to career guidance means creating a labor market that is fairer and more transparent for everyone.

How exactly do you replace your involvement? Which AI technologies and tools do you integrate into your work with clients and companies?

We’re a fully AI-based agency, so you could say that almost all of our core technologies fall under the AI umbrella. This includes agents that help automate routine tasks, notetakers that analyse and organise information, as well as tools like Perplexity for deep research and handling large volumes of data.

Such automation brings measurable business results. For example, by reducing the need for manual data processing and admin tasks, we save around $8,000–10,000 per month in operational costs (which would otherwise require 1–2 full‑time specialists). It also significantly reduces classic risks associated with consulting and recruiting businesses, such as knowledge gaps when team members leave, or over-dependency on individual experts.

Additionally, AI allows us to continuously collect and structure career data from 100+ client interactions. Most of this is unstructured information — recorded consultations that often include tens of thousands of words with low repetition and very few clear patterns. Instead of requiring consultants to manually revisit and decode these conversations, our AI instantly analyzes the material, extracts actionable insights, and organizes it for further use.

Thanks to this capability, our consultant can conduct 20–30% more career sessions per month, raising both the speed and the depth of expertise at each stage of the client journey.

Can you share an example of when AI completely transformed recruitment outcomes?

Absolutely—but like any story, there are two sides to the coin: impressive wins and some unexpected headaches.

On the positive side, today’s notetakers do much more than just record interviews like in the old Zoom days—they gather data, take smart notes, and, crucially, learn from company-specific information. This supercharges the recruitment process: from crafting job posts and writing emails to analysing candidates and enhancing communication. For example, emails and text content can now be generated automatically, slashing the recruiter’s time on routine tasks. Natural language sourcing tools allow you to describe your ideal candidate and instantly get relevant profiles—something that used to require complex Boolean searches.

But there’s a flip side. AI has dramatically increased the number of low-quality applications, including spam, making it easy for strong candidates to get lost in the noise. Candidates are using AI to whip up instant responses and cover letters, which only amplifies the flood. Recruiters who used to handle dozens of applications now face hundreds—or even thousands—forcing them to sift, filter, and compete in a whole new landscape. In a sense, AI-driven candidates and AI-powered recruiters are now battling it out on the same field.

How will these changes—AI and automation—impact the global job market in the coming years?

You can roughly divide today’s professions into three groups. The first is non-human: jobs that are already automated or will be soon. Think heavy, dangerous, or repetitive mechanical work—tasks based on algorithmic, repeatable movements. Robots are already taking over these roles, from automated warehouse workers and bartenders to delivery drivers, taxi drivers, and even nail technicians.

The second group is human + AI copilot. These are roles where systems and platforms collect, organise, and analyse data—in medicine, logistics, sales, finance, and education—but the final decision is still made by a human.

Finally, the third group is purely human: top management roles—tasks only a person can perform, overseeing both non-human and human + AI copilot teams.

Technological changes are reshaping all three groups. Essentially, a profession is becoming a platform reflecting your education and professional expertise—the foundation on which everything else, including technology, is built. For example, being an engineer is a profession, but acquiring a more specialised skill set and integrating certain technologies can turn you into, say, a machine learning operations (MLOps) engineer.

Training and learning methods are bound to change. We need to find ways to quickly acquire in-demand skills, specialise, and understand the realities of the modern workplace. AI copilots already help accelerate the junior phase, enabling professionals to move faster into human + AI copilot roles—and eventually reach purely human-level positions.

Yes, lately, we’ve seen waves of layoffs, especially among junior employees, as AI takes over. How can companies balance automation with keeping jobs?

It’s a tricky question. In practice, companies will automate wherever it makes economic sense. If robots or AI can produce a product cheaper than a human, businesses will naturally go for the cost cut. Without regulations or mandatory limits, there’s very little to slow automation down.

Yet the reality is more nuanced. Jobs stick around as long as automating a role costs more than keeping a human. Take giants like Amazon—they pour billions into warehouse and logistics automation, yet remain among the biggest employers in the sector because some tasks are simply cheaper to do by hand.

The future of work is all about reskilling and the shift to gig and project-based careers. Lifelong employment at a single company is disappearing—and the traditional idea of permanent work is fading too. More people will become small independent “businesses,” managing careers like a portfolio of projects and tasks. It’s a world of opportunity, but it demands flexibility, constant upskilling, and the ability to pivot quickly.

What’s the number-one piece of advice you’d give to someone worried that AI will take over their job?

Every time a person frees up time, it gets filled with something new. That’s how new sectors, fields of knowledge, and professions emerge. My advice would be to ask yourself: where do you want to go next? In a year, two, five, ten—and strategically, throughout your life? Where will your mind, creativity, skills, and resources create value and help solve real problems for people?

Which skills will define “new literacy” in the next 10 years?

Even sooner than a decade from now, being literate will mean knowing how to work effectively with AI as a tool. Everyone will need to grasp how these technologies function, what they can—and can’t—do, and how to craft the right prompts—a skill surprisingly few people master today.

Equally crucial will be the ability to design systems and automate routine tasks, orchestrating different agents and tools to maximise efficiency. Basic programming will no longer be just for coders—it will become a must-have for anyone building AI-powered products and services.

The ability to structure information visually and create clear, compelling designs will also be essential, helping ideas and results cut through the noise.

And, of course, critical thinking and the capacity to filter massive streams of information will be indispensable. We’ll need to digest enormous amounts of data and make smart decisions in a constantly shifting landscape. Curiosity, experimentation, and adaptability—being ready to try new approaches and pivot quickly—will become the hallmarks of both professional and personal growth.