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AI took your job — can retraining help? — Harvard Gazette

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Many people worry that AI is going to take their job. But a recent survey conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that rather than laying off workers, many AI-adopting firms are retraining their workforces to use the new technology. Yet there’s little research into whether existing job-training programs are helping workers successfully adapt to an evolving labor market.

A new working paper starts to fill that gap. A team of researchers, including doctoral candidate Karen Ni of the Harvard Kennedy School, analyzed worker outcomes after they participated in job-training programs through the U.S. government’s Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. Researchers looked at administrative earnings records spanning the quarters before and after workers completed training. Then they analyzed workers’ earning when transitioning from or into an occupation that was highly “AI-exposed” — a term that refers to the extent of tasks that have the potential to be automated, both in the traditional computerization sense and through generative AI technology.

Across the board, the training programs demonstrated a positive impact, with displaced workers seeing increased earnings after entering a new occupation. Still, those earnings were less for someone who targeted a high AI-exposed occupation than someone who targeted a low AI-exposed occupation.

In this edited conversation, Ni explains the role that job-training programs play as AI use is transforming the labor market.


With all the discussion around job displacement and AI, what led you to focus on retraining in particular?

When thinking about the disruptions that a new large-scale technology might have for the labor market, it’s important to understand whether it’s possible for us to help workers who might be displaced by these technologies to transition into other work. So we homed in on, OK, we know that some of these workers are being displaced. Now, what can job training services do for them? Can they improve their job prospects? Can they help them move up in terms of earnings? Is it possible to retrain some of these workers for highly AI-exposed roles?

We wanted to help document the transition and adaptability for these displaced workers, especially those who are lower income. Because then we can think about how we can support these workers, whether it be better investing in these kinds of workforce-development programs or training programs, or adapting those programs to the evolving labor market landscape.

“We wanted to help document the transition and adaptability for these displaced workers, especially those who are lower income.”

What can we learn by looking at data from government workforce development programs?

One of the big advantages of using these trainees is that it’s nationwide, and so it’s nationally representative. That allows us to take a broad look at trainees across the entire country and capture a fair bit of heterogeneity in terms of their occupations and backgrounds. For the large part, our sample captures displaced workers who tend to be lower income, making an average of $40,000 a year. Some are making big transitions from one occupation to a completely different one. We also see a fair number of people who end up going into the same types of jobs that they had before. We think those workers are likely trying to develop new skills or credentials that might be helpful to enter back into a similar occupation. Some of these people might be displaced from their occupation because of AI. But the job displacement in this sample could be for any reason, like a regional office shutting down.

Can you provide some examples of highAI-exposed careers versus low AI-exposed careers?

AI exposure refers to the extent of tasks within an occupation that could potentially be completed by a machine or a large language model. Among our sample of job trainees, some of the most common high AI-exposed occupations were customer service representatives, cashiers, office clerks. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest AI-exposed workers tended to be manual laborers, such as movers, industrial truck drivers, or packagers.

AI retrainability by occupation

What were your main findings?

We first looked at the split before entering job training: if they were displaced from a low AI-exposed or high AI-exposed occupation. After training, we find pretty positive earnings returns across the board. However, workers who are coming from high AI-exposed jobs have, on average, 25 percent lower earnings returns after training compared to workers initially coming from low AI-exposed occupations.

Then we looked at the split after job training, if they were targeting high AI-exposed jobs or low AI-exposed jobs. If you break it down that way, we find that workers generally are better off targeting jobs that are lower AI-exposed compared to the workers who are targeting jobs that are more highly AI-exposed. Those who are targeting the high AI-exposed fields tend to face a penalty of 29 percent in terms of earnings, relative to workers who target more general skills training.

Are there any recommendations that displaced workers could take away from those findings?

I would cautiously say our findings seem to suggest that, for these AI-exposed workers going through job-training programs, going for jobs that are less AI-exposed tends to give them a better outcome. That said, the fact that we do see positive returns for all of these groups suggests that there’s probably other factors that need to be considered. For instance, what are the specific types of training that they’re receiving? What kinds of skills are they targeting? There’s an immense heterogeneity across the different job-training centers throughout the country, in terms of the quality, intensity, and even the types of occupations that they can offer services for. There’s a lot of potential for future work to consider how those factors might affect outcomes.

Also, in this case, the training program is predominantly serving displaced workers from lower parts of the income distribution. So I don’t think we can generalize across the board and say, “everyone should go do a job-training program.” We were focused on this specific population. 

You also created an AI Retrainability Index to rank occupations that both prepare workers well for jobs that are more AI-exposed and also earn more than their past occupation. What did the index reveal about which occupations are most “retrainable”?

We wanted to have a way of measuring by occupation how retrainable workers are if they were to be displaced. Our index ranking shows that, depending on where they’re starting from, you might have more or less capability of being retrained for highly AI-exposed roles. The only three occupational categories that had a positive index value — meaning that we consider these to be occupations that are highly AI-retrainable — were legal, computation and mathematics, and arts, design, and media. So someone coming from a legal profession is more retrainable for high-paying, high AI-exposed roles than someone coming from, say, a customer service job.

Overall, we found that 25 to 40 percent of occupations are AI retrainable, which, to us, is surprisingly high. You might think that if someone is coming from a lower-wage job, it might be really hard to retrain them for a job that has more AI exposure. But what we found is that there may actually be a large potential for retraining.



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Cyber A.I. Group Appoints Alex Epshteyn as Chief Innovation Officer

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Cyber A.I. Group, Inc., an emerging growth Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence and IT services company engaged in the development of next-generation market disruptive AI-driven Cybersecurity technology, announced today the appointment of Alex Epshteyn as Chief Innovation Officer.

Mr. Epshteyn brings over 28 years of executive leadership and advanced technical expertise in AI, complex systems integration, real-time data visualization and large-scale infrastructure projects. In his new role, he will lead CyberAI’s innovation initiatives, overseeing product strategy, research and development and the continued evolution of CyberAI’s expanding patent portfolio including Sentinel 2.0—the Company’s patent-pending AI-powered Cybersecurity subscription platform.

Working in collaboration with Dr. Peter J. Morales, CyberAI’s Chief Technology Officer / Chief Operating Officer, Mr. Epshteyn will drive efforts to align advanced innovation with enterprise needs and global market expansion. His appointment underscores CyberAI’s commitment to industry leadership, product excellence and the delivery of intelligent Cybersecurity solutions tailored for middle-market companies worldwide.

“Alex is a world-class innovator with an extraordinary ability to design, architect and commercialize cutting-edge technologies,” said A.J. Cervantes, Jr., Executive Chairman at CyberAI. “His deep experience spanning AI and mission-critical infrastructure will play a pivotal role as CyberAI accelerates the launch of our CyberAI Sentinel 2.0 platform and we position the Company for rapid growth and scale.”

Mr. Epshteyn previously served as CEO and CTO of Zignage, a premier real-time data visualization and digital signage company powering clients such as the New York Stock Exchange, Mizuho Bank, BMO and Morgan Stanley. He also founded Ngaged Software, an AI-powered education technology startup whose platform, BriteClass, was deployed at Harvard, MIT, Brandeis and NYU, among other colleges and universities. Earlier in his career, he held senior roles at Hewlett Packard Consulting, SIAC, Arup Consulting and Adler Group, contributing to initiatives that spanned trading systems for the NYSE, national emergency response infrastructure and major transportation hubs including JFK and Penn Station.

“Cyber A.I. Group represents the future of intelligent Cybersecurity and I am honored to join its exceptional leadership team at such a transformative time,” said Mr. Epshteyn. “The opportunity to pioneer AI-driven innovation while delivering secure, scalable and adaptive solutions through CyberAI Sentinel 2.0 is one I greatly look forward to. Together, we can help enterprises navigate an increasingly complex digital threat landscape with confidence and resilience.”

Mr. Epshteyn holds a B.A. with honors in Cognitive Science and Computational Linguistics from Columbia University and completed graduate work at NYU’s Media Lab at the Tandon School of Engineering. He has developed custom software and data analysis tools, while also volunteering at NYU Tandon to mentor undergraduate engineering students.   Through his appointment as Chief Innovation Officer, CyberAI strengthens its commitment to delivering next-generation, AI-powered Cybersecurity solutions to a global marketplace.

About Cyber A.I. Group, Inc.

Cyber A.I. Group, Inc. (“CyberAI”) is a next-generation technology company pioneering the development of advanced proprietary platforms at the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity. With a mission to redefine how organizations protect, predict and respond to digital threats, CyberAI is positioning patent pending technologies that enable autonomous threat detection, adaptive risk mitigation and intelligent system resilience across enterprise and cloud environments as a low-cost alternative for small and medium-sized businesses. At the core of CyberAI’s innovation is a team of world-class technologists, data scientists and Cybersecurity experts dedicated to creating breakthrough solutions that are scalable, secure and globally deployable. The Company’s technologies are designed to address the most urgent and complex challenges facing today’s digital infrastructure, from AI-driven security orchestration to autonomous anomaly detection and predictive analytics for critical systems. CyberAI’s commitment to continuous innovation and deep IP development is positioning it at the critical intersection of AI and the global Cybersecurity landscape. By fusing Artificial Intelligence with real-world cyber defense expertise, the Company aims to set new standards for intelligent infrastructure protection and digital trust. For more information, please visit: cyberaigroup.io



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The Rewards—And Risks—Of Using AI In The Classroom

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September 16, 2025

By Elizabeth Tucker–

Many of us lacking experience with Artificial Intelligence (AI) find it unnerving. There is the prospect that it can do everything we do, only better—or at least adequately and cheaper. “You won’t be replaced by AI; you’ll be replaced by someone who knows how to use AI better,” quoted Irvington Superintendent Mara Rasevic in a recent conversation. If AI is changing the contours of the workforce, then schools need to train students to use it effectively. The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) this summer established the National Academy for AI Instruction so that teachers can stay on top of their new responsibility to impart AI literacy and also learn how to employ it to make their own working routines more efficient. The AFT has also published Commonsense Guardrails for Using Advanced Technology in Schools, now already in a revised edition.

Jerrod Blair, Director of Technology and Integration in the Irvington school district, articulated an overview of how teachers there are using AI. “Some teachers are exploring how AI can save time on routine tasks, like generating practice questions, lesson ideas, or feedback prompts, so they can focus more on engaging with students,” he said. “Others are experimenting with AI as a discussion starter in class, for example, asking students to evaluate an AI-generated response for accuracy, bias, or completeness.”

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Many districts, including those in the rivertowns, are using the AI teaching platform MagicSchool. Hastings has introduced it at the elementary level. In Sleepy Hollow, according to Technology Integration Specialist Jean O’Brien, AI is being used in instruction from elementary to high school and in math and science classes as well as in the humanities.

At Sleepy Hollow High School, social studies teacher Alyson Nawrocki finds MagicSchool especially useful in providing students individualized feedback on their writing. “The AI feedback is never in place of teacher feedback,” Nawrocki says, “but it’s useful as a checkpoint if I’m conferencing with another student so the rest of the class can keep working productively.”

MagicSchool assesses students’ writing according to Nawrocki’s own rubric. For example, under “thesis,” the AI software might opine that the writing is clear but too general, or under “analysis,” it might note that the writing successfully reports what happened but needs to explain why those events mattered. Students can revise on their own and then submit a final version to Nawrocki to read.

Magazine cover for a feature on ice age human migration designed by a Sleepy Hollow student using AI

Another feature MagicSchool offers is a text leveler, which adjusts a text for different reading levels. Blair says, “This doesn’t replace the original text, but it gives teachers another way to ensure that every student can engage meaningfully with the material. For example, a teacher might provide the original text alongside a leveled version so that students can build confidence and gradually work toward the more complex version.”

MagicSchool’s character chatbot allows students to engage in conversation with figures from history. In Nawrocki’s class, students interviewed a World War I soldier about his experience. In another assignment, her students were assigned to read an article about early human migration into North America and then, using details learned from the reading, instruct the image-generating Canva AI to create a magazine cover picturing its contents.

When asked about the technology’s drawbacks, Nawrocki allows that “some students begin to rely too heavily on AI. This can discourage them from taking creative or intellectual risks, which are essential parts of the learning process.”

Then, of course, there is the temptation to use AI to fabricate homework assignments. To counteract this, Nawrocki says, “I no longer assign traditional ‘original’ homework that could easily be completed by a tool. Instead, I design assignments that require students . . . to show their thinking process. . . .The focus is less on producing a polished product at home and more on engaging in authentic skill-building that can be observed and assessed directly.” She might ask her students to relate their homework to the day’s lesson or illustrate historical processes in a drawing or diagram, rather than answer a straight question in writing, as would lend itself to generation by AI.

According to Jerrod Blair, many Irvington teachers as well “are thoughtfully adapting their assignments to reflect the reality that students have access to AI. This doesn’t mean starting from scratch; instead, it’s about asking deeper questions, emphasizing process and critical thinking, and creating opportunities for students to demonstrate their learning in multiple ways.” But also, Blair says, “the district sees this as an opportunity to teach students how to use emerging technologies ethically.”

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DRUID AI Raises $31 Million Series C

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DRUID AI today announced it has secured $31 million in Series C financing to advance the global expansion of its enterprise-ready agentic AI platform under the leadership of its new CEO Joseph Kim. The strategic investment – which will advance DRUID AI’s mission to empower companies to create, manage, and orchestrate conversational AI agents – was led by Cipio Partners, with participation from TQ Ventures, Karma Ventures, Smedvig, and Hoxton Ventures.

“This investment is both a testament to DRUID AI’s success and a catalyst to elevate businesses globally through the power of agentic AI,” said Kim. “Customer success is what it’s all about, and delivering real business outcomes requires understanding companies’ pain points and introducing innovations that help those customers address their complex challenges. That’s the DRUID AI way, and now we’re bringing it to the world through this new phase of global growth.”

Roland Dennert, manager partner at Cipio Partners, a premier global growth equity fund, explained: “At Cipio Partners, we focus on supporting growth-stage technology companies that have achieved product-market fit and are ready to scale. DRUID AI aligns perfectly with our investment strategy – offering a differentiated, AI-based product in a vast and rapidly growing market. Our investment will help accelerate DRUID AI’s expansion into the U.S. and elsewhere, fuel further technological advancements, and strengthen its position as a global leader in enterprise AI solutions. We are excited to partner with DRUID AI on its journey and look forward to supporting the company in shaping the future of enterprise AI-driven interactions.”

Kim’s proven track record in leading high-performance teams and scaling AI-driven technology businesses ideally positions him to spearhead that effort. He has more than two decades of operating executive experience in application, infrastructure, and security industries. Most recently, he was CEO of Sumo Logic. He serves on the boards of directors of SmartBear and Andela. In addition, he was a senior operating partner at private equity firm Francisco Partners, CPTO at Citrix, SolarWinds, and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and chief architect at GE.

DRUID AI cofounder and Chief Operating Officer Andreea Plesea, who had been interim CEO, commented: “I am delighted Joseph is taking the reins as CEO to drive our next level of growth. His commitment to customer success and developing the exact solutions customers need is in total sync with the approach that has fueled our progress and positioned us to raise new funds. Joseph and the Series C set up DRUID AI and our clients for expanded innovation and impact.”

The appointment of Kim as CEO and the new funding come on the heels of DRUID AI earning a Challenger spot in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Conversational AI Platforms for 2025. This is just the latest development validating the maturity of DRUID AI’s platform and its readiness to deliver business results in a market that is experiencing rapid advancement and adoption.

In 2024, DRUID AI grew ARR 2.7x year-over-year. Its award-winning platform has powered more than 1 billion conversations across thousands of agents. In addition, the DRUID AI global partner ecosystem has attracted industry giants Microsoft, Genpact, Cognizant, and Accenture.

DRUID AI is trusted by more than 300 global clients across banking, financial services, government, healthcare, higher education, manufacturing, retail, and telecommunications. Leading organizations such as AXA Insurance, Carrefour, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Georgia Southern University, Kmart Australia, Liberty Global Group, MatrixCare, National Health Service, and Orange Auchan have adopted DRUID AI to redefine the way they operate.

Companies have embraced DRUID AI to help teams accelerate digital operations, reduce the complexity of day-to-day work, enhance user experience, and maximize technology ROI. Powered by advanced agentic AI and driven by the DRUID Conductor, its core orchestration engine, the DRUID platform enables businesses to effortlessly deploy AI agents and intelligent apps that streamline processes, integrate seamlessly with existing systems, and fulfill complex requests efficiently. DRUID AI’s end-to-end platform delivers 98% first response accuracy.

“At Georgia Southern, we recognized that to truly meet the needs of today’s digital native students, we needed to offer dynamic and accurate real-time support that would solve their issues on the spot,” said Ashlea Anderson, CIO at Georgia Southern University. “By leveraging DRUID AI’s platform, we’ve created personalized and intuitive experiences to support students throughout their academic journeys, increasing enrollment and student retention. The result is a more efficient, connected campus where students feel supported, engaged, and better positioned to succeed.”

To learn more, visit www.druidai.com.

About DRUID AI

DRUID AI (druidai.com) is an end-to-end enterprise-grade AI platform that enables lightning-fast development and deployment of AI agents, knowledge bases, and intelligent apps for teams looking to automate business processes and improve technology ROI. DRUID AI Agents enable personalized, omnichannel, and secure interactions while seamlessly integrating with existing business systems. Since 2018, DRUID AI has been actively pursuing its vision of providing each employee with an intelligent virtual assistant, establishing an extensive partner network of over 200 partners, and servicing more than 300 clients worldwide.



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