You can use Amazon Bedrock Custom Model Import to seamlessly integrate your customized models—such as Llama, Mistral, and Qwen—that you have fine-tuned elsewhere into Amazon Bedrock. The experience is completely serverless, minimizing infrastructure management while providing your imported models with the same unified API access as native Amazon Bedrock models. Your custom models benefit from automatic scaling, enterprise-grade security, and native integration with Amazon Bedrock features such as Amazon Bedrock Guardrails and Amazon Bedrock Knowledge Bases.

Understanding how confident a model is in its predictions is essential for building reliable AI applications, particularly when working with specialized custom models that might encounter domain-specific queries.

With log probability support now added to Custom Model Import, you can access information about your models’ confidence in their predictions at the token level. This enhancement provides greater visibility into model behavior and enables new capabilities for model evaluation, confidence scoring, and advanced filtering techniques.

In this post, we explore how log probabilities work with imported models in Amazon Bedrock. You will learn what log probabilities are, how to enable them in your API calls, and how to interpret the returned data. We also highlight practical applications—from detecting potential hallucinations to optimizing RAG systems and evaluating fine-tuned models—that demonstrate how these insights can improve your AI applications, helping you build more trustworthy solutions with your custom models.

Understanding log probabilities

In language models, a log probability represents the logarithm of the probability that the model assigns to a token in a sequence. These values indicate how confident the model is about each token it generates or processes. Log probabilities are expressed as negative numbers, with values closer to zero indicating higher confidence. For example, a log probability of -0.1 corresponds to approximately 90% confidence, while a value of -3.0 corresponds to about 5% confidence. By examining these values, you can identify when a model is highly certain versus when it’s making less confident predictions. Log probabilities provide a quantitative measure of how likely the model considered each generated token, offering valuable insight into the confidence of its output. By analyzing them you can,

• Gauge confidence across a response: Assess how confident the model was in different sections of its output, helping you identify where it was certain versus uncertain.
• Score and compare outputs: Compare overall sequence likelihood (by adding or averaging log probabilities) to rank or filter multiple model outputs.
• Detect potential hallucinations: Identify sudden drops in token-level confidence, which can flag segments that might require verification or review.
• Reduce RAG costs with early pruning: Run short, low-cost draft generations based on retrieved contexts, compute log probabilities for those drafts, and discard low-scoring candidates early, avoiding unnecessary full-length generations or expensive reranking while keeping only the most promising contexts in the pipeline.
• Build confidence-aware applications: Adapt system behavior based on certainty levels—for example, trigger clarifying prompts, provide fallback responses, or flagging for human review.

Overall, log probabilities are a powerful tool for interpreting and debugging model responses with measurable certainty—particularly valuable for applications where understanding why a model responded in a certain way can be as important as the response itself.

Prerequisites

To use log probability support with custom model import in Amazon Bedrock, you need:

• An active AWS account with access to Amazon Bedrock
• A custom model created in Amazon Bedrock using the Custom Model Import feature after July 31, 2025, when the log probabilities support was released
• Appropriate AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions to invoke models through the Amazon Bedrock Runtime

Introducing log probabilities support in Amazon Bedrock

With this release, Amazon Bedrock now allows models imported using the Custom Model Import feature to return token-level log probabilities as part of the inference response.

When invoking a model through Amazon Bedrock InvokeModel API, you can access token log probabilities by setting "return_logprobs": true in the JSON request body. With this flag enabled, the model’s response will include additional fields providing log probabilities for both the prompt tokens and the generated tokens, so that customers can analyze the model’s confidence in its predictions. These log probabilities let you quantitatively assess how confident your custom models are when processing inputs and generating responses. The granular metrics allow for better evaluation of response quality, troubleshooting of unexpected outputs, and optimization of prompts or model configurations.

Let’s walk through an example of invoking a custom model on Amazon Bedrock with log probabilities enabled and examine the output format. Suppose you have already imported a custom model (for instance, a fine-tuned Llama 3.2 1B model) into Amazon Bedrock and have its model Amazon Resource Name (ARN). You can invoke this model using the Amazon Bedrock Runtime SDK (Boto3 for Python in this example) as shown in the following example:

import boto3, json

bedrock_runtime = boto3.client('bedrock-runtime')  
model_arn = "arn:aws:bedrock:<>:<>:imported-model/your-model-id"

# Define the request payload with log probabilties enabled
request_payload = {
    "prompt": "The quick brown fox jumps",
    "max_gen_len": 50,
    "temperature": 0.5,
    "stop": [".", "\n"],
    "return_logprobs": True   # Request log probabilities
}

response = bedrock_runtime.invoke_model(
    modelId=model_arn,
    body=json.dumps(request_payload),
    contentType="application/json",
    accept="application/json"
)

# Parse the JSON response
result = json.loads(response["body"].read())
print(json.dumps(result, indent=2))

In the preceding code, we send a prompt—"The quick brown fox jumps"—to our custom imported model. We configure standard inference parameters: a maximum generation length of 50 tokens, a moderate temperature of 0.5 for moderate randomness, and a stop condition (either a period or a newline). The "return_logprobs":True parameter tells Amazon Bedrock to return log probabilities in the response.

The InvokeModel API returns a JSON response containing three main components: the standard generated text output, metadata about the generation process, and now log probabilities for both prompt and generated tokens. These values reveal the model’s internal confidence for each token prediction, so you can understand not just what text was produced, but how certain the model was at each step of the process. The following is an example response from the "quick brown fox jumps" prompt, showing log probabilities (appearing as negative numbers):

{
  'prompt_logprobs': [
    None,
    {'791': -3.6223082542419434, '14924': -1.184808373451233},
    {'4062': -9.256651878356934, '220': -3.6941518783569336},
    {'14198': -4.840845108032227, '323': -1.7158453464508057},
    {'39935': -0.049946799874305725},
    {'35308': -0.2087990790605545}
  ],
  'generation': ' over the lazy dog',
  'prompt_token_count': 6,
  'generation_token_count': 5,
  'stop_reason': 'stop',
  'logprobs': [
    {'927': -0.04093993827700615},
    {'279': -0.0728893131017685},
    {'16053': -0.02005653828382492},
    {'5679': -0.03769925609230995},
    {'627': -1.194122076034546}
  ]
}

The raw API response provides token IDs paired with their log probabilities. To make this data interpretable, we need to first decode the token IDs using the appropriate tokenizer (in this case, the Llama 3.2 1B tokenizer), which maps each ID back to its actual text token. Then we convert log probabilities to probabilities by applying the exponential function, translating these values into more intuitive probabilities between 0 and 1. We have implemented these transformations using custom code (not shown here) to produce a human-readable format where each token appears alongside its probability, making the model’s confidence in its predictions immediately clear.

{'prompt_logprobs': [None,
  {'791': "'The' (p=0.0267)", '14924': "'Question' (p=0.3058)"},
  {'4062': "' quick' (p=0.0001)", '220': "' ' (p=0.0249)"},
  {'14198': "' brown' (p=0.0079)", '323': "' and' (p=0.1798)"},
  {'39935': "' fox' (p=0.9513)"},
  {'35308': "' jumps' (p=0.8116)"}],
 'generation': ' over the lazy dog',
 'prompt_token_count': 6,
 'generation_token_count': 5,
 'stop_reason': 'stop',
 'logprobs': [{'927': "' over' (p=0.9599)"},
  {'279': "' the' (p=0.9297)"},
  {'16053': "' lazy' (p=0.9801)"},
  {'5679': "' dog' (p=0.9630)"},
  {'627': "'.\n' (p=0.3030)"}]}

Let’s break down what this tells us about the model’s internal processing:

• generation: This is the actual text generated by the model (in our example, it’s a continuation of the prompt that we sent to the model). This is the same field you would get normally from any model invocation.
• prompt_token_count and generation_token_count: These indicate the number of tokens in the input prompt and in the output, respectively. In our example, the prompt was tokenized into six tokens, and the model generated five tokens in its completion.
• stop_reason: The reason the generation stopped ("stop" means the model naturally stopped at a stop sequence or end-of-text, "length" means it hit the max token limit, and so on). In our case it shows "stop", indicating the model stopped on its own or because of the stop condition we provided.
• prompt_logprobs: This array provides log probabilities for each token in the prompt. As the model processes your input, it continuously predicts what should come next based on what it has seen so far. These values measure which tokens in your prompt were expected or surprising to the model.
  • The first entry is None because the very first token has no preceding context. The model cannot predict anything without prior information. Each subsequent entry contains token IDs mapped to their log probabilities. We have converted these IDs to readable text and transformed the log probabilities into percentages for easier understanding.
  • You can observe the model’s increasing confidence as it processes familiar sequences. For example, after seeing The quick brown, the model predicted fox with 95.1% confidence. After seeing the full context up to fox, it predicted jumps with 81.1% confidence.
  • Many positions show multiple tokens with their probabilities, revealing alternatives the model considered. For instance, at the second position, the model evaluated both The (2.7%) and Question (30.6%), which means the model considered both tokens viable at that position. This added visibility helps you understand where the model weighted alternatives and can reveal when it was more uncertain or had difficulty choosing from multiple options.
  • Notably low probabilities appear for some tokens—quick received just 0.01%—indicating the model found these words unexpected in their context.
  • The overall pattern tells a clear story: individual words initially received low probabilities, but as the complete quick brown fox jumps phrase emerged, the model’s confidence increased dramatically, showing it recognized this as a familiar expression.
  • When multiple tokens in your prompt consistently receive low probabilities, your phrasing might be unusual for the model. This uncertainty can affect the quality of completions. Using these insights, you can reformulate prompts to better align with patterns the model encountered in its training data.
• logprobs: This array contains log probabilities for each token in the model’s generated output. The format is similar: a dictionary mapping token IDs to their corresponding log probabilities.
  • After decoding these values, we can see that the tokens over, the, lazy, and dog all have high probabilities. This demonstrates the model recognized it was completing the well-known phrase the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog—a common pangram that the model appears to have strong familiarity with.
  • In contrast, the final period (newline) token has a much lower probability (30.3%), revealing the model’s uncertainty about how to conclude the sentence. This makes sense because the model had multiple valid options: ending the sentence with a period, continuing with additional content, or choosing another punctuation mark altogether.

Practical use cases of log probabilities

Token-level log probabilities from the Custom Model Import feature provide valuable insights into your model’s decision-making process. These metrics transform how you interact with your custom models by revealing their confidence levels for each generated token. Here are impactful ways to use these insights:

Ranking multiple completions

You can use log probabilities to quantitatively rank multiple generated outputs for the same prompt. When your application needs to choose between different possible completions—whether for summarization, translation, or creative writing—you can calculate each completion’s overall likelihood by averaging or adding the log probabilities across all its tokens.

Example:

Prompt: Translate the phrase "Battre le fer pendant qu'il est chaud"

• Completion A: "Strike while the iron is hot" (Average log probability: -0.39)
• Completion B: "Beat the iron while it is hot." (Average log probability: -0.46)

In this example, Completion A receives a higher log probability score (closer to zero), indicating the model found this idiomatic translation more natural than the more literal Completion B. This numerical approach enables your application to automatically select the most probable output or present multiple candidates ranked by the model’s confidence level.

This ranking capability extends beyond translation to many scenarios where multiple valid outputs exist—including content generation, code completion, and creative writing—providing an objective quality metric based on the model’s confidence rather than relying solely on subjective human judgment.

Detecting hallucinations and low-confidence answers

Models might produce hallucinations—plausible-sounding but factually incorrect statements—when handling ambiguous prompts, complex queries, or topics outside their expertise. Log probabilities provide a practical way to detect these instances by revealing the model’s internal uncertainty, helping you identify potentially inaccurate information even when the output appears confident.

By analyzing token-level log probabilities, you can identify which parts of a response the model was potentially uncertain about, even when the text appears confident on the surface. This capability is especially valuable in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, where responses should be grounded in retrieved context. When a model has relevant information available, it typically generates answers with higher confidence. Conversely, low confidence across multiple tokens suggests the model might be generating content without sufficient supporting information.

Example:

• Prompt:

  "Explain how the Portfolio Synergy Quotient (PSQ) is applied in multi-asset investment
   strategies?"

• Model output:

  "The PSQ is a measure of the diversification benefits of combining different asset 
   classes in a portfolio."

In this example, we intentionally asked about a fictional metric—Portfolio Synergy Quotient (PSQ)—to demonstrate how log probabilities reveal uncertainty in model responses. Despite producing a professional-sounding definition for this non-existent financial concept, the token-level confidence scores tell a revealing story. The confidence scores shown below are derived by applying the exponential function to the log probabilities returned by the model.

• PSQ shows medium confidence (63.8%), indicating that the model recognized the acronym format but wasn’t highly certain about this specific term.
• Common finance terminology like classes (98.2%) and portfolio (92.8%) exhibit high confidence, likely because these are standard concepts widely used in financial contexts.
• Critical connecting concepts show notably low confidence: measure (14.0%) and diversification (31.8%), reveal the model’s uncertainty when attempting to explain what PSQ means or does.
• Functional words like is (45.9%) and of (56.6%) hover in the medium confidence levels, suggesting uncertainty about the overall structure of the explanation.

By identifying these low-confidence segments, you can implement targeted safeguards in your applications—such as flagging content for verification, retrieving additional context, generating clarifying questions, or applying confidence thresholds for sensitive information. This approach helps create more reliable AI systems that can distinguish between high-confidence knowledge and uncertain responses.

Monitoring prompt quality

When engineering prompts for your application, log probabilities reveal how well the model understands your instructions. If the first few generated tokens show unusually low probabilities, it often signals that the model struggled to interpret what you are asking.

By tracking the average log probability of the initial tokens—typically the first 5–10 generated tokens—you can quantitatively measure prompt clarity. Well-structured prompts with clear context typically produce higher probabilities because the model immediately knows what to do. Vague or underspecified prompts often yield lower initial token likelihoods as the model hesitates or searches for direction.

Example:

Prompt comparison for customer service responses:

• Basic prompt:

  "Write a response to this customer complaint: I ordered a laptop 2 weeks ago and it 
   still hasn't arrived."

  • Average log probability of first five tokens: -1.215 (lower confidence)
• Optimized prompt:

  "You are a senior customer service manager with expertise in conflict resolution and 
   customer retention. You work for a reputable electronics retailer that values 
   customer satisfaction above all else. Your task is to respond to the following 
   customer complaint with professionalism and empathy. 
   Customer Complaint: I ordered a laptop 2 weeks ago and it still hasn't arrived."

  • Average log probability of first five tokens: -0.333 (higher confidence)

The optimized prompt generates higher log probabilities, demonstrating that precise instructions and clear context reduce the model’s uncertainty. Rather than making absolute judgments about prompt quality, this approach lets you measure relative improvement between versions. You can directly observe how specific elements—role definitions, contextual details, and explicit expectations—increase model confidence. By systematically measuring these confidence scores across different prompt iterations, you build a quantitative framework for prompt engineering that reveals exactly when and how your instructions become unclear to the model, enabling continuous data-driven refinement.

Reducing RAG costs with early pruning

In traditional RAG implementations, systems retrieve 5–20 documents and generate complete responses using these retrieved contexts. This approach drives up inference costs because every retrieved context consumes tokens regardless of actual usefulness.

Log probabilities enable a more cost-effective alternative through early pruning. Instead of immediately processing the retrieved documents in full:

1. Generate draft responses based on each retrieved context
2. Calculate the average log probability across these short drafts
3. Rank contexts by their average log probability scores
4. Discard low-scoring contexts that fall below a confidence threshold
5. Generate the complete response using only the highest-confidence contexts

This approach works because contexts that contain relevant information produce higher log probabilities in the draft generation phase. When the model encounters helpful context, it generates text with greater confidence, reflected in log probabilities closer to zero. Conversely, irrelevant or tangential contexts produce more uncertain outputs with lower log probabilities.

By filtering contexts before full generation, you can reduce token consumption while maintaining or even improving answer quality. This shifts the process from a brute-force approach to a targeted pipeline that directs full generation only toward contexts where the model demonstrates genuine confidence in the source material.

Fine-tuning evaluation

When you have fine-tuned a model for your specific domain, log probabilities offer a quantitative way to assess the effectiveness of your training. By analyzing confidence patterns in responses, you can determine if your model has developed proper calibration—showing high confidence for correct domain-specific answers and appropriate uncertainty elsewhere.

A well-calibrated fine-tuned model should assign higher probabilities to accurate information within its specialized area while maintaining lower confidence when operating outside its training domain. Problems with calibration appear in two main forms. Overconfidence occurs when the model assigns high probabilities to incorrect responses, suggesting it hasn’t properly learned the boundaries of its knowledge. Under confidence manifests as consistently low probabilities despite generating accurate answers, indicating that training might not have sufficiently reinforced correct patterns.

By systematically testing your model across various scenarios and analyzing the log probabilities, you can identify areas needing additional training or detect potential biases in your current approach. This creates a data-driven feedback loop for iterative improvements, making sure your model performs reliably within its intended scope while maintaining appropriate boundaries around its expertise.

Getting started

Here’s how to start using log probabilities with models imported through the Amazon Bedrock Custom Model Import feature:

• Enable log probabilities in your API calls: Add "return_logprobs": true to your request payload when invoking your custom imported model. This parameter works with both the InvokeModel and InvokeModelWithResponseStream APIs. Begin with familiar prompts to observe which tokens your model predicts with high confidence compared to which it finds surprising.
• Analyze confidence patterns in your custom models: Examine how your fine-tuned or domain-adapted models respond to different inputs. The log probabilities reveal whether your model is appropriately calibrated for your specific domain—showing high confidence where it should be certain.
• Develop confidence-aware applications: Implement practical use cases such as hallucination detection, response ranking, and content verification to make your applications more robust. For example, you can flag low-confidence sections of responses for human review or select the highest-confidence response from multiple generations.

Conclusion

Log probability support for Amazon Bedrock Custom Model Import offers enhanced visibility into model decision-making. This feature transforms previously opaque model behavior into quantifiable confidence metrics that developers can analyze and use.

Throughout this post, we have demonstrated how to enable log probabilities in your API calls, interpret the returned data, and use these insights for practical applications. From detecting potential hallucinations and ranking multiple completions to optimizing RAG systems and evaluating fine-tuning quality, log probabilities offer tangible benefits across diverse use cases.

For customers working with customized foundation models like Llama, Mistral, or Qwen, these insights address a fundamental challenge: understanding not just what a model generates, but how confident it is in its output. This distinction becomes critical when deploying AI in domains requiring high reliability—such as finance, healthcare, or enterprise applications—where incorrect outputs can have significant consequences.

By revealing confidence patterns across different types of queries, log probabilities help you assess how well your model customizations have affected calibration, highlighting where your model excels and where it might need refinement. Whether you are evaluating fine-tuning effectiveness, debugging unexpected responses, or building systems that adapt to varying confidence levels, this capability represents an important advancement in bringing greater transparency and control to generative AI development on Amazon Bedrock.

We look forward to seeing how you use log probabilities to build more intelligent and trustworthy applications with your custom imported models. This capability demonstrates the commitment from Amazon Bedrock to provide developers with tools that enable confident innovation while delivering the scalability, security, and simplicity of a fully managed service.

About the authors

Manoj Selvakumar is a Generative AI Specialist Solutions Architect at AWS, where he helps organizations design, prototype, and scale AI-powered solutions in the cloud. With expertise in deep learning, scalable cloud-native systems, and multi-agent orchestration, he focuses on turning emerging innovations into production-ready architectures that drive measurable business value. He is passionate about making complex AI concepts practical and enabling customers to innovate responsibly at scale—from early experimentation to enterprise deployment. Before joining AWS, Manoj worked in consulting, delivering data science and AI solutions for enterprise clients, building end-to-end machine learning systems supported by strong MLOps practices for training, deployment, and monitoring in production.

Yanyan Zhang is a Senior Generative AI Data Scientist at Amazon Web Services, where she has been working on cutting-edge AI/ML technologies as a Generative AI Specialist, helping customers use generative AI to achieve their desired outcomes. Yanyan graduated from Texas A&M University with a PhD in Electrical Engineering. Outside of work, she loves traveling, working out, and exploring new things.

Lokeshwaran Ravi is a Senior Deep Learning Compiler Engineer at AWS, specializing in ML optimization, model acceleration, and AI security. He focuses on enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and building secure ecosystems to democratize AI technologies, making cutting-edge ML accessible and impactful across industries.

Revendra Kumar is a Senior Software Development Engineer at Amazon Web Services. In his current role, he focuses on model hosting and inference MLOps on Amazon Bedrock. Prior to this, he worked as an engineer on hosting Quantum computers on the cloud and developing infrastructure solutions for on-premises cloud environments. Outside of his professional pursuits, Revendra enjoys staying active by playing tennis and hiking.