Jess has never touched a slot machine, played the lottery or bought a scratch-off, but she fears she may have a gambling problem nonetheless.

This July, the 28-year-old found herself spending up to $270 a week on blind boxes – that is, surprise items that are sold in sealed, opaque packaging. Activewear companies, bookshops and even candy stores all sell mystery bundles of their products, but the brands currently dominating the market produce collectible toys with cute but unusual names. If you want a complete collection of Labubu, Smiski, Dimoo, Pucky, Skullpanda or Sonny Angel figurines, then you will have to buy blind box after blind box, sighing at every duplicate and praying the next package contains the creature you need to finish the set.

“It’s silly but it is very addictive,” says Jess, who is based in Ireland but prefers not to reveal her full name or occupation. Jess started buying Labubu dolls in April after seeing them on TikTok: these strange, toothsome and fuzzy monsters have exploded in popularity this year thanks to celebrity endorsements and social media hype. Pop Mart, the Chinese company behind Labubus and many other mystery collectibles, is now estimated to be worth $40bn – but in June, the company’s stock briefly plunged after a Chinese state media publication condemned blind box marketing as predatory.

Jess believes she is addicted to blind boxes: after she tried banning herself from buying them in July, she “snapped” and suddenly found herself ordering 25 more. Sitting at home and waiting for parcels to arrive, she would itch to go out and physically get some more: “I would end up buying stuff that I didn’t care about just for the thrill of opening a box.” Jess found herself purchasing mystery plushies from the brand Squishmallows, which she doesn’t even like. “I’d open them and be like, ‘Why do I now have this squishy lobster?’”

Jess says opening blind boxes feels like gambling because of the highs and lows: “Whenever you get the one that you want, it’s unreal.”

On social media, it’s easy to see the impulse buying provoked by blind box marketing. In one TikTok video with 2.6m likes, a woman buys a $27.99 Skullpanda, looks at the list of possible toys inside the box and says she would “be happy with any of them” except the Christmas tree dolls. Low and behold, the box contains the Christmas tree, and – visibly frustrated – she rushes back to the store to buy a second box. Another $27.99 later, she becomes the less-than-proud owner of two Christmas trees.

In a different video, a man buys six bags of mystery Disney pins at $44.99 each, but after ending up with 17 duplicates and an incomplete set, goes back to buy two more, bringing his total spend to almost $360.

And some buyers don’t just seek the toys they personally like – they also hunt for the “rare” or “secret” items that are more uncommon and thus more valuable.

“The buyer’s guilt that I get nearly every time after I’ve spent is insane,” Jess says, adding that she could have used the money for her forthcoming wedding. “If it were to continue like this, it would become dire, because who can pop off £1,000 [$1,300] in a couple of months on literal shit?” Jess says she feels “debilitated” by her habit. “Sometimes I open things and I don’t want them.”

Dana Nguyen is a 27-year-old from Monterey, California, who has spent $4,000 on Labubu dolls since the start of this year (on the Pop Mart website, Labubu dolls and figurines range in price from $19.99 to $959.50 each). This April, Nguyen realised she had a problem when she went to her PO Box and saw 20 parcels waiting for her. “I’m telling myself I want to fly to Europe, I want to travel the world, but how can I do that if I’m spending $4,000 on fur, cotton, vinyl, whatever these things are made of?”

When asked to describe the feeling she gets when opening blind boxes, she says: “Honestly, that’s gambling. I’m gonna say it flat out: it’s straight gambling.

“I always tell myself I won’t be one of those people in Vegas gambling on the slot machines or on the tables – and then I’m over here doing the exact same thing.”

Adults in America are buying more toys than ever before. In the first half of 2025, the number of toys bought for grownups increased 18% – and in 2024, adults bought more toys for themselves than for preschoolers for the very first time. Enthusiasts offer easy explanations for their “kidulting”, summarised neatly in one BBC headline: “Adults buying kids’ toys to escape global turmoil.” As Nguyen puts it: “You’re already struggling as it is, with the economy, with society, and you think: OK, let me just have a little sweet treat because I’m not able to afford other luxuries in life.”

Meanwhile, collecting is a very compelling habit. Cary Lee is an Australia-based marketing specialist who researches consumer behaviour. Lee has found six main reasons that people collect, including a sense of achievement, an extension of selfhood, community membership and a desire for a legacy. Lee’s studies have shown that the financial motivation to build a collection (for instance, the idea it might be worth something one day) is relatively weak compared with these intrinsic, emotional incentives. “We have an innate part of us which wants to acquire items to make a collection,” he says.

Toy companies, of course, are well aware of this. In a 2020 prospectus for potential investors, Pop Mart wrote: “While traditional toys are primarily for children to play with, pop toys target young adults between 15 years old and 40 years old in general, who seek for emotional value from expressing personality and attitude.” The company declared itself “relentless” in its desire to “attract and build a fast-growing, young and passionate fanbase” and argued that blind boxes in particular inspire repeat purchases “due to unpredictability and fun”.

In 2019, Pop Mart asked market research company Frost & Sullivan to survey more than 1,000 consumers and found that, “around 70% of pop toy consumers would purchase blind box toys three times or more for a specific toy design they want”.

Lee has conducted studies on blind boxes and has found that most US consumers often come across their first blind box in stores and buy them impulsively. Yet regardless of the outcome – whether they get the toy they like the look of or a dud – people are often compelled to go back and buy another box. One of Lee’s papers uncovered “an addictive loop of impulsive purchases”, arguing there was “a ‘dark side’ to a seemingly innocuous product”.

Online, an oft-repeated defence for the hyperconsumption of collectible toys is: “It makes me happy. It’s not harming anyone” – but is that really true? Beyond the environmental impact – not only are the toys themselves plastic, the packaging is often elaborate and multilayered to add to the thrill of unboxing – there is also personal wellbeing to consider. Nguyen says she initially hid the scale of her spending from her husband (whose business she helps run), and her mental health suffered at the peak of her blind box addiction.

“I have bipolar and I have very manic episodes where I’m willing to take more risks than I normally would,” she says. After high-energy episodes, sometimes she finds herself irritable and in a low mood. “You just want a little quick fix. It’s a perfect selling point for people like me who are struggling with their mental health, to just have that little sweet treat, to have that little bit of serotonin or dopamine in their systems.”

Now that she has restricted herself to purchasing fewer blind boxes, Nguyen says: “I feel like my nervous system has calmed a lot more.”

Eddie is a 34-year-old cashier from Mississippi who recently spent about $400 on blind boxes in a single month. “It made me feel sick to my stomach because I didn’t feel like I was in control of what I was spending,” he says. “I’d immediately have buyer’s remorse after making a purchase, and sometimes, I wasn’t even excited to get the package. I was more worried about the damage I’d done to my savings and finances.”

A burgeoning field of study into these gambling-like mechanisms and their impact has researchers concerned. Leon Xiao is an assistant professor at the City University of Hong Kong who researches video game law and the challenges of regulating gambling-like products. Xiao’s work has historically focused on “loot boxes”, which are digital blind boxes sold for real money inside video games. (The items inside often help players perform better in the game.) Yet Xiao is intrigued by the increased “gamblification” of physical merchandise. “I’ve seen T-shirts being sold in blind boxes, chocolates in blind boxes,” he says.

While Xiao pours cold water on one Chinese study published in 2022, which found that engaging with blind boxes was positively associated with suicide risk in young people – “that’s obviously going too far. There’s also a paper about drinking milk tea or boba linked to suicidal ideation” – he is troubled by other research findings. One longitudinal study published in 2023 found that young people who bought loot boxes participated in more gambling six months later than those who did not. One of Xiao’s own studies has found a correlation between buying mystery card packs and experiencing gambling problems. And a paper published this July argued that loot box spending can be associated with psychological distress and an increased risk of “extreme distress”. Xiao says: “We are concerned about vulnerable people spending more money and experiencing harm.”

Xiao wonders whether new consumer laws might be the answer. In China, a set of advisory guidelines released in 2022 asked companies to publish probability disclosures, set age and spending limits, and even implement “pity mechanics” whereby customers are offered the item they desire after making a number of purchases. These guidelines also banned the sale of blind boxes to kids under age eight and required older children obtain parental permission before buying them – but in practice, enforcement is not so stringent.

In the US, the Federal Trade Commission has looked into video game loot boxes and even fined one developer $20m for unfairly marketing to children and misleading players about the odds, but the FTC declined to comment on blind boxes when contacted by the Guardian. In 2018, loot boxes were declared illegal under existing gambling laws in Belgium, but Xiao’s research has found that enforcement remains a problem there, too.

Jesper Andersson is a 23-year-old from Sweden who realised in 2024 that he had spent more than $4,000 in just a few months on mystery packs in the video game Fifa. “I’ve gambled normally on football and stuff like that, but I get anxious if I even lose $10. But when I drop $100 on Fifa, I don’t even care,” he says. “It’s hard to explain why, it just feels very different.” Perhaps it feels different because Andersson’s Fifa pack habit started as a child – without his own disposable income, he asked for Fifa coins every Christmas for nine years.

A number of children’s toys are now sold via a mystery mechanism: LOL Surprise! dolls, Mini Brands, and endless Disney figurines and plushies. It’s easy to see how youngsters are becoming acclimatised to this type of consumption, which could arguably normalise gambling.

In June, Bethan found herself with no money left for gas thanks to her Labubu habit. The 55-year-old – who has just passed the California bar exam and asked to use a pseudonym – got hooked on the dolls in May. “It became like a game. Some of the time – most of the time – I didn’t want the stuff. I just liked the excitement of waiting, finding and obtaining them,” she says.

Bethan has spent hundreds of dollars on Labubus (and knockoff “Lafufus”) in just a few months; while she has been able to pay her bills, she has had to borrow money for gas, has no money left for emergencies, and has increased her credit card debt. “There are things I didn’t normally have to save up for but now I have to,” she says.

But Bethan is not just motivated by the blind box mechanism – in fact, she has numerous packages sitting unopened in her house. She is compelled by a sense of competition; Labubus can sell out quickly online, and Bethan prides herself on tracking down sellers to get her hands on new releases. “For me, it’s getting them before everybody else … at a low price before they go up,” she says.

As problematic as these compulsive behaviours can be, they could be exacerbated by new ways of shopping. Pop Mart runs a number of channels on TikTok where it drops new products in live streams, forcing consumers to scramble to add them to their carts. “I genuinely spent three weeks every day trying to get one Labubu,” Jess says, “I’ll never forget feeling how I felt when I got one.”

Another app, Whatnot, hosts live stream auctions where people bid on collectibles and other products – it’s currently the 15th most popular free iPhone app. Eddie says Whatnot exacerbated his problem spending. “The hosts and the chat make these kind of shopping events more fun but also parasocial,” he says. “You see other people spending even more than you.” Eddie found it hard to keep track of his spending inside the app: “I never saw an overall total from a shop until my order arrived at my house.”

Lee, the marketing expert, says “scarcity marketing” like this can be very psychologically compelling. He argues that time limits on drops and auctions can create a “fear of missing out”, compelling consumers to act impulsively.

Defenders of blind boxes note that baseball cards have been around for over a century – and millennials bought mystery playing cards or stickers as kids. Yet, Lee says, what has changed now is the amount of money at stake and how easy it is to spend that money using digital platforms. While a pack of Pokémon cards might have cost a few dollars in the 1990s, most of the blind boxes offered on Pop Mart’s website range in price from $15-$26 – though the most expensive one currently available is nearly $300.

Bethan says she has “cut back” on blind boxes, but has not stopped. Andersson last spent money in Fifa a month before we spoke, while Eddie is now trying to stay away from blind boxes. Nguyen has managed to recoup her money by reselling her collection online during the peak of Labubu popularity, but she still has unpopular ones sitting around that she cannot sell.

Jess faces similar problems – she has tried to sell some of the Labubu figurines she does not like online but has found no one else likes them either. “They’re definitely not in as high demand as they were at the start of this year.” Jess is now prepared to sell her toys for half of what she paid for them. Yet although she now has “quite a large collection of stuff and nowhere to put it”, she is still buying more blind boxes. Her ultimate aim is to cut down to one box a month.

Most of the people I speak to would like to see greater regulation of blind boxes, although when I first bring up the idea, Jess admits: “My first reaction was: ‘No! Please don’t take these away from me.’” But she does believe blind boxes are akin to gambling, so suggests there should be “greater warnings about what you could be sucked into”.

“I definitely convinced myself at the start that it wasn’t something that could could hurt me, because of the nature of collecting cute things,” she says. “But it’s very underhanded, how it can affect you without you realizing.”