Education
Trump revives Presidential Fitness Test : NPR

President Trump displays a signed executive order during Thursday’s signing ceremony in the White House, surrounded by administration and professional athletes including golfer Bryson DeChambeau and WWE Chief Creative Officer Paul “Triple H” Levesque.
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For generations of U.S. schoolchildren, phrases like “shuttle run” and “sit-and-reach” likely conjure vivid memories of what was once a staple of American physical education: the Presidential Fitness Test. And thanks to a new executive order, it’s slated to return to gymnasiums nationwide.
On Thursday, President Trump signed the order reviving the test, a set of standardized exercises that schools conducted to measure students’ physical fitness for over half a century until 2013, when President Barack Obama phased it out in favor of a more holistic approach. It’s not yet clear which exercises will be part of the test going forward, or when it will launch.
It was traditionally conducted once or twice a year for students ages 10 to 17, and included drills like push-ups, the back-and-forth PACER running test and the infamous one-mile run.
And it was a competitive affair: Students who placed at or above the 85th percentile on all exercises were eligible for the Presidential Fitness Award, which Trump’s order is also reinstating.
“From the late 1950s until 2013, graduate scholars all across our country competed against each other in the presidential fitness test, and it was a big deal,” Trump said at the signing ceremony, flanked by a slew of professional athletes. “This was a wonderful tradition, and we’re bringing it back.”
Trump is also reestablishing the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition and tasking it with developing criteria for the test. Its rollout will be administered by Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
Kennedy’s “Make America Healthy Again” report, released in May, bemoans the decline of American kids’ activity and physical fitness levels, rising rates of obesity and what he calls the “childhood chronic disease crisis.”
Trump’s order adds another layer of urgency, saying that Americans’ physical wellbeing is in decline, and is a “threat to the vitality and longevity of our country,” especially on the eve of 2026 — America’s 250th birthday and the year it’s set to host the FIFA World Cup.
“Rates of obesity, chronic disease, inactivity, and poor nutrition are at crisis levels, particularly among our children,” the order reads. “These trends weaken our economy, military readiness, academic performance, and national morale.”
Leaders made a similar argument about patriotism when the original test was introduced in the Cold War era. But the trends cited by the Trump administration have only worsened since then. So experts and educators tell NPR they are exercising caution when it comes to their hopes for a revamped version.
Joanna Faerber, a physical education teacher working with rural Louisiana schools on federal grants, says Trump’s announcement drew a passionately divided response in her professional network.
“We all agree that childhood obesity and lack of physical activity and physical education in school is limited,” she said. “I think measuring it is the question.”
How did the test come about?
In this 1955 photo, Bonnie Prudden helps a student with sit-ups in the Kraus-Weber test — the precursor to the Presidential Fitness Test.
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Pioneering orthopedic surgeon Hans Kraus — now recognized as the “father of sports medicine” in the U.S. — worked with another doctor, Sonja Weber, in the 1940s to create the Kraus-Weber test. They designed the test to evaluate fitness through sit-ups and other exercises focused on core strength and flexibility.
In the 1950s, Kraus and his fellow fitness enthusiast Bonnie Prudden set about administering the test to thousands of schoolchildren in the U.S., Italy, Switzerland and Austria. The researchers found that 58% of American kids failed at least one element of the six-part test, compared to just 8.7% of Europeans.
“We have no wish to change the standard of living by trying to do away with the automobile and television,” Kraus said, presenting their work to a White House gathering in 1955. “But we must make sure that we make up for this loss of physical activity.”
Their findings — which Sports Illustrated at the time called “The Report That Shocked the President” — spurred President Dwight Eisenhower to order the creation of the President’s Council on Youth Fitness in 1956. (That’s the same council that Trump reestablished in this week’s order.) The following year, the council piloted its own national fitness test.
President John F. Kennedy built on Eisenhower’s momentum, launching a nationwide public service campaign encouraging Americans to take the 50-mile hikes once required of U.S. Marines. Kennedy was a strong advocate of physical fitness, penning an influential Sports Illustrated essay to that effect — titled “The Soft American” — as president-elect in 1960. Trump referenced the essay in his executive order, and RFK Jr. talked about it at the signing ceremony.
“He was lamenting the fact that America had prided itself on a beef jerky toughness, and that … we were falling behind Europeans, we were falling behind other nations,” Kennedy said of his uncle.
The third iteration of the council under President Lyndon B. Johnson formalized the fitness test in 1966, and added the element of an award for top performers.
From there, the test became a fixture of American P.E. classes, though its components did evolve over the decades. For example, it ditched the softball throw, which came to be seen as more of a skill (for grenade-wielding soldiers) than a measure of fitness.
“I think it was instilled to try to get people back in the ’60s ready to enter into the armed forces and get them fit for battle,” Laura Richardson, a clinical associate professor in the School of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan, told NPR. “And then as time evolved, they said, ‘We need to change this.'”
Why did the test go away?
Over the decades, the physical fitness test drew increasing criticism for its negative impact on mental health. Many students found it an exercise in humiliation in front of their peers, fueling concerns about body image from a young age.
Critics also doubted the test’s effectiveness, saying its task-specific, one-size-fits-all nature was not conducive to making individual progress towards a healthier lifestyle. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data shows that the adult obesity rate rose from about 13% in 1960 to about 34% in 2008, during the rough window the test was in effect.
The Obama administration phased out the fitness test after the 2012-2013 school year, replacing it with the Presidential Youth Fitness Program. The voluntary program provides resources to schools for assessing and recognizing youth fitness, shifting its emphasis from athleticism to overall health.
Many schools do that using the FitnessGram Assessment, which was developed by the Kenneth H. Cooper Institute at Texas Tech University and evaluates criteria like aerobic capacity, flexibility, body composition and muscular strength.
While specifics about Trump’s revamped Presidential Fitness Test are still scarce, the educators NPR spoke with hope it will continue to prioritize that kind of health-related fitness over specific skills.
They would like to see the test include robust resources for the teachers who will be implementing and collecting data from it. And they hope that it will enable schools to spend more time allowing and encouraging kids to be active — not just to prepare for the test, but to form lifelong habits.
“A fitness assessment is just to let you know where you are,” Faerber said. “It’s not the end. It’s the beginning of changing.”
Ricardson says it will likely take years to see whether the new test is working, because of the amount of individual and population-level data required. And, she notes, fitness is just one avenue for addressing childhood obesity, along with things like nutrition, sleep and stress.
“I think the biggest thing is that right now we have child fitness at the forefront,” she adds. “And that is what we need to be focusing on: How do we help kids get to where we want them to be, less about the test and more about how we get them there.”
Education
Artificial intelligence is here to stay, so let’s teach it in class

Editor’s Note: This article was written for Mosaic, an independent journalism training program for high school students who report and photograph stories under the guidance of professional journalists.
As a 16-year-old high school student living in the Bay Area, I notice artificial intelligence being used around me daily. At my school, I’ve seen students submitting AI-generated work as their own, rather than taking the time to research, write and truly understand content.
Teachers see this and fear that students will go out in the real world and not know how to think critically without consulting a machine first. They see how it has already created an overreliance on shortcuts, weaker problem-solving skills and lower writing ability in their students. In response, many teachers have banned AI from their classrooms.
I’ll be honest: sometimes I use AI in school, too. By asking ChatGPT to help me explain the meaning of a piece of text or asking it to identify flaws in my writing, I intentionally use AI to help me learn. But when some of my peers use it to generate their entire assignments, it leads teachers to see any use of AI — whether it be productive or exploitative — as a lazy way to cheat, and it makes me feel guilty to use it at all.
It’s understandable why many educators feel this way, and researchers agree. For example, in a 2024 study published by the journal Societies, a sampling of 666 people showed that younger participants reported a higher use of AI tools but displayed lower critical-thinking skills.
However, AI isn’t going away. Other studies show that the use of AI in the workplace and in education is rising. A 2025 Gallup poll of U.S. employees showed those who frequently use AI multiple times a week nearly doubled, from 11% to 19% in two years. It’s only becoming more integrated in the world we live in, and without being taught AI literacy in school, the future feels uncertain.
Completely wiping AI out from classrooms doesn’t work in the long term, because students still find ways to move around it and misuse it for their assignments. It’s easy for them to adapt by using content humanizers like Bypass GPT or AIHumanize to avoid being detected. Banning it does not solve the problem.
A ban also erases the opportunities that AI can give students to do better in school. For example, an English teacher might have students generate an essay using AI, then have them critique its writing style and argument, or compare it to their own essay to identify areas that can be improved.
Khanmigo, an AI platform developed by Khan Academy, can give students more practice problems in math when they struggle with a particular concept, and can work with them to learn, rather than handing them answers.
This is a chance for educators to teach students how to use AI responsibly — not as a substitute for creative and critical thought, but as a tool to support them in academics instead. AI is still a developing technology that presents ethical issues, like its substantial environmental impact and potential biases that can be introduced by algorithms. It’s also known to not always be reliable for credible information and research.
But I rarely see these issues being discussed around me — it’s a missed opportunity for teachers to encourage digital literacy and for students to engage with a technology that will ultimately shape our world.
Sophie Luo is a member of the class of 2027 at Irvington High School in Fremont.
Originally Published:
Education
Equity report calls for overhaul of Australia’s higher education system

Launched as part of ACSES’ Australian Student Equity Symposium in Sydney, Equity Insights 2025: Policy, Power, and Practice for a Fairer Australian Tertiary Education System shares the views of vice-chancellors, policymakers, practitioners, and students, who examine why, despite substantial investment and effort, equity progress in Australian higher education remains modest.
Shamit Saggar, executive director of ACSES, said the purpose of the report is to shed light on the challenge of student equity, the responsibilities involved, and the progress being made.
“The report gathers 14 perspectives from key figures involved in higher education policy, university sector management, equity practice, student experience, and academic expertise. Each of these contributions reflects distinct elements of the task facing the sector,” said Saggar.
The report spans three themed sections: Rewriting the System: Policy, Structures and Reform; Power, Voice and Justice; and Making Equity Real: Practice, Place and Participation.
ACSES research and policy program director, Ian Li, said the report discusses the actions required across a broad range of areas. “It highlights both the systemic reforms required and the everyday practices that can make a real difference in the lives of students,” said Li.
[The report] highlights both the systemic reforms required and the everyday practices that can make a real difference in the lives of students
Ian Li, ASCES
The report argues that higher education is still shaped by entrenched class hierarchies, colonial legacies, and rigid divisions between vocational and university pathways, and that incremental reforms have not, and will not, deliver the impact required for the nation to meet the ambitious target of 80% tertiary attainment by 2050, with full parity for underrepresented groups.
Contributors also emphasise that cost-of-living pressures, housing stress, and mental health challenges are not peripheral concerns but central to whether students can complete their studies, and are just as important as reforming admissions or curriculum.
The longstanding divide between vocational education and universities was raised as a key issue, with calls for a harmonised system that allows students to move more easily between sectors and provides more flexible entry and exit points.
The report outlined measures to increase access for regional and remote students, including creating regional study hubs, tailored funding, and localised support outside metropolitan areas. It also called for leveraging the success of regional universities that already serve high proportions of equity students by using them as models for scaling equity.
Disability inclusion, meanwhile, must move beyond individual adjustments toward accessible curriculum and learning environments designed from the outset.
Indigenous contributors Leanne Holt and Tracy Woodroffe called for universities to move beyond transactional support and embed Indigenous leadership and cultural safety at every level of governance, teaching, and research.
Universities were also issued a warning that using AI and technology as a quick fix for equity risks widening the divide further. Instead, the report suggested equity must shape how AI is integrated through universal digital access, AI literacy, and student co-design.
The report also contained early insights from the new National Student Ombudsman, launched in February 2025, revealing strong demand for independent complaint resolution, especially on course administration, wellbeing, and financial issues. Sarah Bendall, who leads the office as First Assistant Ombudsman, argues this is proof that accountability must become a sector-wide priority.
While each section of the report contains unique perspectives and experiences, the overall message of Equity Insights 2025 is not simply to do more, it is to do differently, and it calls for bold leadership across the entire sector.
Education
US visa applicants required to interview in home country

Effective as of September 6, all nonimmigrant US visa applicants including international students must schedule interviews at their local US embassy or consulate, or face an increased risk of rejection, the State Department has announced.
“Applicants who scheduled nonimmigrant interviews at a US embassy or consulate outside of their country of nationality or residence might find that it will be more difficult to qualify for the visa,” the department warned.
Fees paid for such applications will not be refunded and cannot be transferred, said the department, adding that applicants would have to demonstrate residence in the country where they are applying.
The directive puts an end to a pandemic-era practice of students bypassing long wait times at home by scheduling visa appointments from a third country.
Stakeholders have raised concerns that the new rule could exacerbate wait times and disadvantage students whose local embassies are plagued by delays.
According to State Department data updated last month, individuals applying for student and exchange visitor visas at the US embassy in Abuja, Nigeria, currently must wait 14-months before obtaining an interview.
Meanwhile, the next available F, M, and J visa appointments at consulates in Accra, Ghana and Karachi, Pakistan, are not for another 11 and 10.5 months respectively.
Applicants who scheduled nonimmigrant interviews at a US embassy or consulate outside of their country of nationality or residence might find that it will be more difficult to qualify for the visa
US State Department
The new rule comes after a near month-long pause on new student visa interviews this summer saw major delays and cancelled appointments at embassies across the globe, preventing some international students from enrolling at US colleges this semester.
Enhanced social media vetting for all student visa applications is also believed to be contributing to the delays.
Existing nonimmigrant visa appointments “will generally not be cancelled,” said the department, adding that: “Rare exceptions may also be made for humanitarian or medical emergencies or foreign policy reasons.”
Nationals of countries where the US is not conducting routine visa operations have been instructed to apply at the following designated alternatives:
National of: | Designated location (s): |
Afghanistan | Islamabad |
Belarus | Vilnius, Warsaw |
Chad | Yaoundé |
Cuba | Georgetown |
Haiti | Nassau |
Iran | Dubai |
Libya | Tunis |
Niger | Ouagadougou |
Russia | Astana, Warsaw |
Somalia | Nairobi |
South Sudan | Nairobi |
Sudan | Cairo |
Syria | Amman |
Ukraine | Krakow, Warsaw |
Venezuela | Bogota |
Yemen | Riyadh |
Zimbabwe | Johannesburg |
The State Department did not immediately respond to The PIE’s request for comment.
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