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Training the Next Generation of Space Cybersecurity Experts — Campus Technology

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Training the Next Generation of Space Cybersecurity Experts

A Q&A with Scott Shackelford

In a few short decades, since the first signals from our experimental satellites broke the stillness at the edge of space, more and more of the world’s critical technology infrastructure has occupied the crowded regions of low earth orbit (LEO). Thousands of satellites from countries around the globe now serve every type of communications, from top-secret defense programs, to weather imaging, to basic science research, and so much more. From government and research agencies to commercial entities, large and small, securing those assets means more than incrementally pumping up existing cybersecurity resources and practices. Space cybersecurity is a field that must grow and mature significantly to keep up with the pace of change. Here, we ask Scott Shackelford, Indiana University professor of law and director of the Ostrom Workshop Program on Cybersecurity and Internet Governance, about some of the efforts — globally, nationally, and locally — that may help launch a separate discipline that will support changing practices and foster future space cybersecurity leadership.

Speakers at the workshop “Toward an Integrated Theory of Space-Cyber Power,” held this spring in Washington D.C. by Indiana University’s Space Governance Lab. (Image courtesy Indiana University. With permission.)

Mary Grush: Certainly cybersecurity has existed for some time around our space infrastructure and related digital technology. It has been here in some form, even if not called out as a separate, specific “space cybersecurity” discipline. What’s new or on the horizon that might cause us to rethink space cybersecurity, redefine it, and restructure how we implement it?

Scott Shackelford: Our reliance on space infrastructure has been around for a long time now. We’ve been reliant on satellites for decades, especially since the ’80s when the technology took off in a big way with a lot of different services. Of course, in the beginning it started off mostly in national security with early surveillance satellites taking pictures during the Cold War as part of our nuclear deterrence. But it did not take long for the first commercial satellites to be launched, originally for weather forecasting and telecommunications. And these days, we get a host of satellite-based services, from Internet access from space, to GPS, to all the geospatial applications like Google Maps — you name it. Just having this conversation right now, all of this is dependent on space and the infrastructure that we’ve launched into orbit (as we’re continuing to do), along with the ground-based services that make it possible. Securing all of that is really challenging and important.

We’ve been focused on space as a vulnerability for a long time. Traditionally that meant basically not making it too easy to knock out satellites with missiles. And originally only the U.S. and the former Soviet Union, then Russia, were able to do that. China joined the club in the early 2000s when they very publicly took down an aging weather satellite and in so doing caused a cascade of orbital debris that continues to ricochet around LEO, still causing headaches for the International Space Station and for the other satellites that have to move out of the way.

And now, it’s gotten easier for bad players to launch cyber attacks instead of missiles. Those cyber attacks are coming from countries or criminal organizations, and they’re designed to go after satellites without the need to launch kinetic vehicles to interfere physically with the satellite. It’s a lot easier for them when they can just punch a few keystrokes. We’ve seen countries do it, like Iran. We’ve seen groups do it to target different types of satellites or even in some cases to launch ransomware attacks against them.



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Anthropic announces University of San Francisco School of Law will fully integrate Claude

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Anthropic, the mind behind ChatGPT competitor Claude, is joining the industry-wide charge into education, as the tech company announces a new university and classroom partnerships that will put their educational chatbot into the hands of students of all ages.

Announced today, Claude for Education will be entering more classrooms and boosting its peer-reviewed knowledge bank, as it integrates with teaching and learning software Canvas, textbook and courseware company Wiley, and video learning tool Panopto.

“We’re building toward a future where students can reference readings, lecture recordings, visualizations, and textbook content directly within their conversations,” the company explained.

Students and educators can connect Wiley and Panopto materials to Claude’s data base using pre-built MCP servers, says Anthropic, and access Claude directly in the Canvas coursework platform. In summary: students can use Claude like a personal study partner.

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And Claude is coming to higher education, too. The University of San Francisco School of Law will become the first fully AI-integrated law school with new Claude AI-enabled learning — as the legal field contentiously addresses the introduction of generative AI. Anthropic is also expanding its student ambassador program and network of Claude Builder Clubs across campuses, launching its first free AI fluency course.

“We’re excited to introduce students to the practical use of LLMs in litigation,” said University of San Francisco Dean Johanna Kalb. “One way we’re doing this is through our Evidence course, where this fall, students will gain direct experience applying LLMs to analyze claims and defenses, map evidence to elements of each cause of action, identify evidentiary gaps to inform discovery, and develop strategies for admission and exclusion of evidence at trial.”

Earlier this week, Anthropic announced it was joining a coalition of AI partners who were forming the new National Academy for AI Instruction, led by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Anthropic’s $500,000 investment in the project will support a brick-and-mortar facility and later nationwide expansion of a free, educator-focused AI training curriculum.

“The stakes couldn’t be higher: while the opportunity to accelerate educational progress is unprecedented, missteps could deepen existing divides and cause lasting harm,” Anthropic said. “That’s why we’re committed to navigating this transformation responsibly, working hand-in-hand with our partners to build an educational future that truly serves everyone.”


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Speech therapy association proposes eliminating ‘DEI’ in its standards

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Scores of speech therapists across the country erupted last month when their leading professional association said it was considering dropping language calling for diversity, equity and inclusion and “cultural competence” in their certification standards. Those values could be replaced in some standards with a much more amorphous emphasis on “person-centered care.” 

“The decision to propose these modifications was not made lightly,” wrote officials of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) in a June letter to members. They noted that due to recent executive orders related to DEI, even terminology that “is lawfully applied and considered essential for clinical practice … could put ASHA’s certification programs at risk.” 

Yet in the eyes of experts and some speech pathologists, the change would further imperil getting quality help to a group that’s long been grossly underserved: young children with speech delays who live in households where English is not the primary language spoken. 

“This is going to have long-term impacts on communities who already struggle to get services for their needs,” said Joshuaa Allison-Burbank, a speech language pathologist and Navajo member who works on the Navajo Nation in New Mexico where the tribal language is dominant in many homes.

Across the country, speech therapists have been in short supply for many years. Then, after the pandemic lockdown, the number of young children diagnosed annually with a speech delay more than doubled. Amid that broad crisis in capacity, multilingual learners are among those most at risk of falling through the cracks. Less than 10 percent of speech therapists are bilingual.

A shift away from DEI and cultural competence — which involves understanding and trying to respond to differences in children’s language, culture and home environment — could have a devastating effect at a time when more of both are needed to reach and help multilingual learners, several experts and speech pathologists said. 

They told me about a few promising strategies for strengthening speech services for multilingual infants, toddlers and preschool-age children with speech delays — each of which involves a heavy reliance on DEI and cultural competence.

Embrace creative staffing. The Navajo Nation faces severe shortages of trained personnel to evaluate and work with young children with developmental delays, including speech. So in 2022, Allison-Burbank and his research team began providing training in speech evaluation and therapy to Native family coaches who are already working with families through a tribal home visiting program. The family coaches provide speech support until a more permanent solution can be found, said Allison-Burbank.

Home visiting programs are “an untapped resource for people like me who are trying to have a wider reach to identify these kids and get interim services going,” he said. (The existence of both the home visiting program and speech therapy are under serious threat because of federal cuts, including to Medicaid.) 

Use language tests that have been designed for multilingual populations. Decades ago, few if any of the exams used to diagnose speech delays had been “normed” — or pretested to establish expectations and benchmarks — on non-English-speaking populations.

For example, early childhood intervention programs in Texas were required several years ago to use a single tool that relied on English norms to diagnose Spanish-speaking children, said Ellen Kester, the founder and president of Bilinguistics Speech and Language Services in Austin, which provides both direct services to families and training to school districts. “We saw a rise in diagnosis of very young (Spanish-speaking) kids,” she said. That isn’t because all of the kids had speech delays, but due to fundamental differences between the two languages that were not reflected in the test’s design and scoring. (In Spanish, for instance, the ‘z’ sound is pronounced like an English ‘s.’)

There are now more options than ever before of screeners and tools normed on multilingual, diverse populations; states, agencies and school districts should be selective, and informed, in seeking them out, and pushing for continued refinement.

Expand training — formal and self-initiated — for speech therapists in the best ways to work with diverse populations. In the long-term, the best way to help more bilingual children is to hire more bilingual speech therapists through robust DEI efforts. But in the short term, speech therapists can’t rely solely on interpreters — if one is even available — to connect with multilingual children.

That means using resources that break down the major differences in structure, pronunciation and usage between English and the language spoken by the family, said Kester. “As therapists, we need to know the patterns of the languages and what’s to be expected and what’s not to be expected,” Kester said.

It’s also crucial that therapists understand how cultural norms may vary, especially as they coach parents and caregivers in how best to support their kids, said Katharine Zuckerman, professor and associate division head of general pediatrics at Oregon Health & Science University. 

“This idea that parents sit on the floor and play with the kid and teach them how to talk is a very American cultural idea,” she said. “In many communities, it doesn’t work quite that way.”

In other words, to help the child, therapists have to embrace an idea that’s suddenly under siege: cultural competence,

Quick take: Relevant research

In recent years, several studies have homed in on how state early intervention systems, which serve children with developmental delays ages birth through 3, shortchange multilingual children with speech challenges. One study based out of Oregon, and co-authored by Zuckerman, found that speech diagnoses for Spanish-speaking children were often less specific than for English speakers. Instead of pinpointing a particular challenge, the Spanish speakers tended to get the general “language delay” designation. That made it harder to connect families to the most tailored and beneficial therapies. 

A second study found that speech pathologists routinely miss critical steps when evaluating multilingual children for early intervention. That can lead to overdiagnosis, underdiagnosis and inappropriate help. “These findings point to the critical need for increased preparation at preprofessional levels and strong advocacy … to ensure evidence-based EI assessments and family-centered, culturally responsive intervention for children from all backgrounds,” the authors concluded. 

Carr is a fellow at New America, focused on reporting on early childhood issues. 

Contact the editor of this story, Christina Samuels, at 212-678-3635, via Signal at cas.37 or samuels@hechingerreport.org.

This story about the speech therapists association was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the Hechinger newsletter.

The Hechinger Report provides in-depth, fact-based, unbiased reporting on education that is free to all readers. But that doesn’t mean it’s free to produce. Our work keeps educators and the public informed about pressing issues at schools and on campuses throughout the country. We tell the whole story, even when the details are inconvenient. Help us keep doing that.

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OpenAI, Microsoft, and Anthropic pledge $23 million to help train American teachers on AI

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akinbostanci/Getty Images

Teachers are pulling up a chair to implement AI in the classroom. 

The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) announced on Tuesday that it will open a training center in New York City devoted to teaching educators how to responsibly use AI systems in their work. 

Also: Can AI save teachers from a crushing workload? There’s new evidence it might

Dubbed the National Center for AI Instruction, the training center will open this fall and kick off with a series of workshops on practical uses of AI for K-12 teachers. Representing close to two million members, the AFT is the second-largest teachers’ union in the United States. The effort is being launched in partnership with OpenAI, Microsoft, and Anthropic, who have pledged a cumulative $23 million for the hub. 

“Now is the time to ensure Al empowers educators, students, and schools,” OpenAI wrote in a company blog post published Tuesday, announcing its plan to invest $10 million in the Center over the next five years. “For this to happen, teachers must lead the conversation around how to best harness its potential.”

Backlash and acceptance

The rise of generative AI chatbots like ChatGPT in recent years has sparked widespread concern among educators. These systems can write essays and responses to homework questions in seconds, suddenly making it difficult to determine if assignments have been completed by hand or by machine.

Also: The best free AI courses and certificates in 2025 – and I’ve tried many

At the same time, however, many teachers have actively embraced the technology: a recent Gallup poll found that six-in-ten teachers used AI at work in the most recent school year, helping them save time on tasks like preparing lesson plans and providing feedback on student assignments. To make educators feel more comfortable about using AI, companies including Anthropic and OpenAI have launched education-specific versions of their chatbots: Claude for Education and ChatGPT Edu, respectively. 

Like many other industries that have suddenly had to contend with the ubiquity of powerful AI systems, the US education system has struggled to achieve a healthy balance with the technology. Some school systems, like New York City’s public schools, initially opted to ban its employees and students from using ChatGPT. 

But over time, it’s become clear that AI isn’t going away, and that there is yet to be a long-term benefit in ignoring it. The NYC public school system later changed its no-ChatGPT policy, and some universities, like Duke University and the schools belonging to the California State University system, have begun providing premium ChatGPT services for free to students. Similarly, the Miami-Dade Public School system started deploying Google’s Gemini chatbot to 100,000 of its high school students earlier this year.

Also: Claude might be my new favorite AI tool for Android – here’s why

Like those university initiatives, the new partnership with the AFT will also benefit the AI companies sponsoring the effort, as it will place their technology into the hands of many thousands of new users.

President Trump issued an executive order in April focused on equipping students and teachers with AI literacy skills, signaling efforts like this one with AFT are in line with the administration’s forthcoming AI Action Plan, set to be released later this month. 

Impact on critical thinking

Apologists for AI in the classroom will sometimes compare it to previous technologies, such as digital calculators or the internet, which felt disruptive at the time of their debut but have since become foundational to modern education.

Also: Heavy AI use at work has a surprising relationship to burnout, new study finds

A new body of research, however, is starting to show that using AI tools can inhibit critical thinking skills in human users. The technology’s long-term impacts on human cognition and education, therefore, could be far more pronounced than we can know today.

A recent study conducted by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and Microsoft, for example, found that “while GenAI can improve worker efficiency, it can inhibit critical engagement with work and can potentially lead to long-term overreliance on the tool and diminished skill for independent problem-solving. Higher confidence in GenAI’s ability to perform a task is related to less critical thinking effort.”

An MIT Media Lab study yielded similar findings: that using AI “undeniably reduced the friction involved in answering participants’ questions,” but that “this convenience came at a cognitive cost, diminishing users’ inclination to critically evaluate the LLM’s output or ‘opinions’ (probabilistic answers based on the training datasets).”

Finding benefits while avoiding risks

The National Academy for AI Instruction aims to chart a path forward for educators in the age of AI, one that embraces the technology’s benefits while steering clear of the potential risks that are very much still coming into focus. 

Also: Samsung just answered everyone’s biggest question about its AI strategy

“The direct connection between a teacher and their kids can never be replaced by new technologies,” Randi Weingarten, president of the AFT, said in a statement included in OpenAI’s blog post, “but if we learn how to harness it, set commonsense guardrails and put teachers in the driver’s seat, teaching and learning can be enhanced.” 





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