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200 million year-old jawbone revealed as new species

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Victoria Gill

Science correspondent, BBC News

Smithsonian The image is an artist's impression of the ancient winged reptile that scientists have discovered at a site that, 200 million years ago, was a riverbed. The image depicts a creature with a long, pointed jaw and wings folded in at its sides. It has its clawed feet submerged in the water of the river and appears to have caught a small amphibian in its mouth.  Smithsonian

The new pterosaur has been named Eotephradactylus mcintireae, meaning ‘ash-winged dawn goddess’

Scientists have discovered a new species of pterosaur – a flying reptile that soared above the dinosaurs more than 200 million years ago.

The jawbone of the ancient reptile was unearthed in Arizona back in 2011, but modern scanning techniques have now revealed details showing that it belongs to a species new to science.

The research team, led by scientists at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC, has named the creature Eotephradactylus mcintireae, meaning “ash-winged dawn goddess”.

It is a reference to the volcanic ash that helped preserve its bones in an ancient riverbed.

Suzanne McIntire The image shows a chunk of rock that has a pinkish hue. There is a fossilised bone embedded in the rock. It is the elongated jaw of a creature - the newly discovered species of flying reptile. A row of teeth embedded in the jawbone is clearly visible. Suzanne McIntire

The jawbone of the seagull-sized pterosaur was preserved in 209 million year-old rock

Details of the discovery are published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

At about 209 million years old, this is now believed to be the earliest pterosaur to be found in North America.

“The bones of Triassic pterosaurs are small, thin, and often hollow, so they get destroyed before they get fossilised,” explained Dr Kligman.

The site of this discovery is a fossil bed in a desert landscape of ancient rock in the Petrified Forest National Park.

More than 200 million years ago, this place was a riverbed, and layers of sediment gradually trapped and preserved bones, scales and other evidence of life at the time.

The river ran through the central region of what was the supercontinent of Pangaea, which was formed from all of Earth’s landmasses.

The pterosaur jaw is just one part of a collection of fossils found at the same site, including bones, teeth, fish scales and even fossilised poo (also known as coprolites).

Dr Kligman said: “Our ability to recognise pterosaur bones in [these ancient] river deposits suggests there may be other similar deposits from Triassic rocks around the world that may also preserve pterosaur bones.”

Ben Kligman The image shows a large, pinkish rock formation with a group of scientists at work on the rock. The site is in Arizona, where rock formations that are more than 200 million years old have preserved and fossilised the remains of animals. Ben Kligman

The ancient bone bed is in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

Studying the pterosaur’s teeth also provided clues about what the seagull-sized winged reptile would have eaten.

“They have an unusually high degree of wear at their tips,” explained Dr Kligman. suggesting that this pterosaur was feeding on something with hard body parts.”

The most likely prey, he told BBC News, were primitive fish that would have been covered in an armour of bony scales.

Scientists say the site of the discovery has preserved a “snapshot” of an ecosystem where groups of animals that are now extinct, including giant amphibians and ancient armoured crocodile relatives, lived alongside animals that we could recognise today, including frogs and turtles.

This fossil bed, Dr Kligman said, has preserved evidence of an evolutionary “transition” 200 million years ago.

“We see groups that thrived later living alongside older animals that [didn’t] make it past the Triassic.

“Fossil beds like these enable us to establish that all of these animals actually lived together.”



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2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Stocks Even Risk-Averse Investors Can Buy Without Hesitation

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Betting big on the next hot thing can sometimes burn investors. That can be true even when the next hot thing is as exciting and promising as artificial intelligence (AI).

Concerns about being burned might cause some investors to be leery of buying AI stocks. However, this fear could result in them missing out on huge long-term returns. Are there alternatives for investing in AI that aren’t super risky? Absolutely. Here are two AI stocks that even risk-averse investors can buy without hesitation.

Image source: Getty Images.

Two AI titans

If bigger is better, you won’t find many better AI stocks than Amazon (AMZN -0.07%) and Microsoft (MSFT -0.24%). Amazon ranks as the fourth-largest publicly traded company based on market cap, while Microsoft holds the No. 2 spot. And their AI credentials are impeccable.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the global leader in cloud services, with a market share of 29%. Microsoft Azure is in second place with a market share of 22%. Both cloud platforms continue to enjoy strong growth, thanks in large part to organizations rushing to build and deploy AI models in the cloud.

Amazon and Microsoft boast partnerships with other top AI companies as well. Both companies have teamed up with Nvidia. Microsoft’s investments in ChatGPT creator OpenAI are paying off handsomely, and Amazon has invested $8 billion in Anthropic, the developer of the powerful Claude large language model (LLM).

These two AI titans are also benefiting from AI in their internal operations. Amazon is using AI to recommend products to customers on its e-commerce platform, for example, while Microsoft has rolled out OpenAI’s GPT-4 throughout its product lineup.

Why risk-averse investors should like Amazon and Microsoft

Risk-averse investors know what they’re getting with Amazon and Microsoft. Both companies are AI leaders, but they’re also much more.

Amazon and Microsoft offer tremendous financial stability. Amazon generated revenue of nearly $638 billion last year, with profits totaling over $59 billion. Microsoft’s revenue topped $245 billion, with earnings of more than $88 billion.

Each of the companies has a boatload of cash — $94.6 billion for Amazon and $79.6 billion for Microsoft.

We’ve already seen that Amazon and Microsoft dominate the cloud services market. These two companies are also leaders in other areas. Amazon reigns as the 800-pound gorilla of e-commerce with a market share of 37.6%. Microsoft’s Windows commands a 70% market share among desktop operating systems. The company’s Office 365 suite ranks No. 2 in the productivity software market.

Both companies continue to deliver solid growth. Amazon’s revenue increased 9% year over year in its latest quarter, with earnings soaring 64%. Microsoft’s revenue jumped 13% year over year, with profits up 18%.

More importantly, both Amazon and Microsoft have strong growth prospects. Each company is poised to benefit from the ongoing AI tailwind and the shift from on-premises IT to the cloud. Amazon’s e-commerce platform and Microsoft’s software products also have solid growth potential.

Not risk-free

I don’t want to leave the impression that Amazon and Microsoft don’t have any risks, though. There’s no such thing as a risk-free stock.

Both Amazon and Microsoft face significant competition despite their current market dominance, and growth could be derailed by regulators in the U.S. and in Europe. Both stocks also trade at high valuations: Amazon’s forward price-to-earnings ratio is 34.6, while Microsoft’s forward earnings multiple is 33.2. These valuations make them more exposed if they experience a significant business disruption.

However, longtime investors know that the best stocks often command premium valuations. Amazon and Microsoft are two of the best stocks, with lifetime gains of around 227,800% and 123,200%, respectively.

Although Amazon and Microsoft face some risks, I think the pros of both stocks far outweigh the cons. If you’re a risk-averse investor who wants to profit from the AI boom, I can’t think of two better picks.

John Mackey, former CEO of Whole Foods Market, an Amazon subsidiary, is a member of The Motley Fool’s board of directors. Keith Speights has positions in Amazon and Microsoft. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Amazon, Microsoft, and Nvidia. The Motley Fool recommends the following options: long January 2026 $395 calls on Microsoft and short January 2026 $405 calls on Microsoft. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.



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Should You Forget Palantir and Buy These 2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Stocks Instead? – The Globe and Mail

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Should You Forget Palantir and Buy These 2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Stocks Instead?  The Globe and Mail



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Cognigy Leads in Opus Research’s 2025 Conversational AI Intelliview

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Distinguished for Innovation, Enterprise Readiness, and Visionary Approach to Agentic AI

Cognigy, a global leader in AI-powered customer service solutions, has been recognized as the leader in the newly released 2025 Conversational AI Intelliview from Opus Research. The report, titled “Decision-Maker’s Guide to Self-Service & Enterprise Intelligent Assistants,” shows Cognigy as the leading platform across critical evaluation areas including product capability, enterprise fit, GenAI maturity, and deployment performance.

This recognition underscores Cognigy’s commitment to empowering enterprises with production-ready, scalable AI solutions that go far beyond chatbot basics. The report cites Cognigy’s strengths in visual AI agent orchestration, tool and function calling, AI Ops and observability, and a deep commitment to enterprise-grade control—all delivered through a platform built to scale real-time customer interactions across voice and digital channels.

“Cognigy exemplifies the next stage of conversational AI maturity,” said Ian Jacobs, VP & Lead Analyst at Opus Research. “Their agentic approach—combining real-time reasoning, orchestration, and observability—demonstrates how GenAI can move beyond experimentation into meaningful, measurable transformation in the contact center.”

Cognigy was one of the few vendors identified in the report as a “True Believer” in the evolution of GenAI-driven self-service, with tools designed to simplify deployment while giving enterprises full control. The platform’s AI Agent Manager enables businesses to create, configure, and continuously improve intelligent agents—defining persona, memory scope, and access to tools and knowledge—all through a flexible, low-code interface. Cognigy uniquely blends deterministic logic with generative capabilities, ensuring both speed and reliability in automation.

“This recognition from Opus Research is more than a milestone—it’s validation that our strategy is working,” said Alan Ranger, Vice President at Cognigy. “We’re delivering real-world, enterprise-grade automation that’s transforming contact centers. From financial services to healthcare to global retail, our customers are scaling faster, resolving issues in real time, and delivering truly modern service experiences.”

With global Fortune 500 customers and partnerships across the CCaaS and AI ecosystem, Cognigy continues to lead the way in delivering enterprise-ready AI that combines usability, speed, and impact. This latest industry acknowledgment further solidifies its position as the go-to platform for intelligent self-service.

To download a copy of the report, visit https://www.cognigy.com/opus-research-2025-conversational-ai-intelliview.



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