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Yong Jae Lee is advancing the cutting edge of CV research

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Making sense of our kaleidoscopic visual world has been a decades-long grand challenge for computer scientists. That’s because there’s so much more to vision than mere seeing. To make the most out of machines, and ultimately have them move usefully and safely among us, they must understand what is happening around them with a superhuman degree of confidence.

The knowledge humans bring to every scene we encounter is what imbues that scene with meaning and enables us to respond appropriately. In the early days of computer vision (CV), artificial intelligence systems could only learn to discern via training on huge numbers of example images painstakingly annotated by humans — a process known as supervised learning.

Yong Jae Lee, associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, received a 2019 ARA award for his research into real-time object instance segmentation.

Courtesy of Yong Jae Lee

When electrical engineering undergrad Yong Jae Lee first got hooked on the CV challenge, about 15 years ago, supervised learning reigned supreme. Back then, to teach a CV system how to spot a cat, you had to show it thousands of pictures of cats, with a box painstakingly drawn around each feline and labelled “cat”.

In this way, it could learn the constellation of features that makes felines uniquely identifiable. The idea that a CV system could learn to pick out the many important features of the visual world with little or no help from pre-labelled data felt so distant and difficult, even attempting it felt borderline pointless to many in the field.

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Amazon Machine Learning Research Award recipient utilizes a combination of people and machine learning models to illuminate the planet’s incredible biodiversity.

But Lee, now an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, felt strongly even back then that the future of CV lay in unsupervised, or weakly supervised learning.

The idea for this form of machine learning (ML) is that a CV model takes in large amounts of largely unlabelled images and works out for itself how to distinguish between many different classes of objects contained within them, from cats, dogs and fleas, to people, cars and trees.

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“Back then, unsupervised learning was not popular, but I had no doubt it was the right problem to work on,” says Lee. “Now, I think almost the entire community believes in this direction. Huge progress is being made.”

This shift towards unsupervised (aka self-supervised) learning was brought about by the deep learning revolution, says Lee. In this paradigm, ML algorithms have been developed that can extract pertinent information from enormous amounts of raw, unlabelled data. This learning has been likened to how babies learn about the world, albeit on digital timescales.

The blistering rate of success of deep learning means the content of Lee’s graduate teaching evolves from one semester to the next.

“The state of the art this month will no longer be so next month,” he says. “There are frequent surprises, and paradigm shifts every few years. It’s a lot to navigate, but an exciting time for students.”

With instance segmentation, the model differentiates between objects of the same class, eg cars or trucks, by clearly segmenting each “instance” of that class of object.

Courtesy of Yong Jae Lee

When he’s not teaching, Lee is pushing the boundaries of both supervised and self-supervised approaches to CV. In 2019 he received an Amazon Machine Learning Research Award (now known as Amazon Research Awards), in part to support a series of pioneering papers on real-time object instance segmentation.

Object instance segmentation goes a lot further than visual object detection: it is the ability of a CV model to not only detect that there are objects somewhere in an image, but also to accurately locate and classify each object of interest — be that a chair, human, or plant — and delineate its visual boundary within the image.

With instance segmentation, not only is every pixel in an image attributed to a class of object, the model also differentiates between two objects of the same class by clearly segmenting each “instance” of that class of object.

The challenge in 2019: although this instance segmentation task could be done to a high standard when applied to individual images, no system could yet hit high-accuracy benchmarks when applied to real-time streaming video (defined as 30 frames per second or above).

It is important for CV systems to comprehend visual scenes at speed because a range of burgeoning technologies depend on such an ability, from driverless cars to autonomous warehouse robots.

Lee, then at the University of California, Davis, and his students Daniel Bolya, Chong Zhou, and Fanyi Xiao, not only developed the first model to attain such accuracy at speed, but also managed achieve it by training their model on just one GPU.

Their supervised system, called YOLACT (You Only Look At CoefficienTs), was lean and mean. It was fast because the researchers had developed a novel way to run aspects of the instance segmentation task in parallel rather than relying on slower, sequential processing. YOLACT won the Most Innovative Award at the COCO Object Detection Challenge at the International Conference on Computer Vision in 2019.

Since then, Lee’s team has gone on to markedly improve the efficiency and performance of the system, and the latest version of YOLACT called YolactEdge (built with students Haotian Liu, Rafael Rivera-Soto, and Fanyi Xiao) can be carried in a device no bigger than your hand. And by making the YOLACT code available on GitHub, Lee has put the system into many people’s hands.

YOLACT: Real-Time Instance Segmentation [ICCV Trailer]

“It’s had a big impact. I know there are a lot of people using YOLACT, and at least one start-up,” says Lee. “This is not some intellectual exercise. We’re creating systems with real-world value. For me, that’s a tremendously exciting feeling.”

In another branch of Lee’s work, also supported by his Amazon award, he pioneers new approaches to ML-based image generation. One example of another research first is MixNMatch, a minimal-supervision model that, when supplied with many real images, teaches itself to differentiate between a variety of important image attributes. By learning to distinguish between an object’s shape, pose, texture/colour and background, the system can employ fine-tuned control to generate new images with any desired combination of attributes.

MixNMatch disentangles and encodes four factors from real images — object pose, shape, texture and background — and combines them to generate new images. Each image in the row of images is a combination of the attributes taken from the four images above it.

Lee continues to build on such work. This year he and his current and former students (Yang Xue, Yuheng Li, and Krishna Kumar Singh) unveiled GIRAFFE HD, a high-resolution generative model that is 3D aware.

This means it can, among other things, coherently rotate, move and scale foreground objects in a scene while independently generating the appropriate background. It is a design tool of enormous power with a near human-like grasp of how an image can be realistically, and seamlessly, transformed.

“As a user, you can tune different ‘knobs’ to change the generated image in highly controllable ways, such as the pose of objects and even the [virtual] camera elevation,” says Lee.

The depth of visual understanding required by such models is too big to depend on supervised learning, he adds.

Mitigating bias

Eliminating the need for annotation makes bias testing much more practical.

“If we want to create systems that can truly absorb all of the visual information that, say, a human will absorb in their lifetime, it’s just not going to be feasible for us to curate that kind of dataset,” says Lee.

Nor is it feasible to develop such technology without significant computational resources, which is why Lee’s Amazon award included credits for Amazon Web Services.

“What was particularly beneficial to our lab was Amazon’s EC2 [Elastic Compute Cloud]. At crunch times, when we needed to run lots of different experiments, we could do that in parallel. The scalability and availability of machines on EC2 has been tremendously helpful for our research.”

While Lee is clearly energized by many aspects of vision research, he sees one looming downside: the massive influx of AI-generated art being published online.

“The state of the art now is to learn directly from internet data,” he says. “If that data becomes populated with lots of ML outputs, you’re not actually learning from so-called true knowledge, but instead learning from ‘fake’ information. It isn’t clear how this will affect the training of future models.”

But he remains optimistic about the rate of progress. The semantic understanding already being demonstrated by image-generation systems is surprising, he says.

“Take Dalle-2’s horse-rising astronaut. This kind of semantic concept doesn’t really exist in the real world, right, but these systems can construct plausible images of exactly that.”

The takeaway lesson from this is that the power of data is hard to deny, says Lee. Even if the data is ‘noisy’, having enormous amounts of it allows ML models to develop a very deep understanding of the visual world, resulting in creative combinations of semantic concepts.

“Even for somebody working in this field, I still find it fascinating.”

What advice does Lee have for students looking to branch into his dynamic field?

“There is so much activity in this machine learning space, what’s really important is to find the topics you’re really passionate about, and get some hands-on experience,” says Lee. “Don’t just read a paper and then presume you know what you need to know. The best way to learn is to download some cutting-edge open-source code and really play around with it. Have some fun!”





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An inside look at Meta’s transition from C to Rust on mobile

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Have you ever worked is legacy code? Are you curious what it takes to modernize systems at a massive scale?

Pascal Hartig is joined on the latest Meta Tech Podcast by Elaine and Buping, two software engineers working on a bold project to rewrite the decades-old C code in one of Meta’s core messaging libraries in Rust. It’s an ambitious effort that will transform a central messaging library that is shared across Messenger, Facebook, Instagram, and Meta’s AR/VR platforms.

They discuss taking on a project of this scope – even without a background in Rust, how they’re approaching it, and what it means to optimize for ‘developer happiness.’

Download or listen to the episode below:

You can also find the episode wherever you get your podcasts, including:

The Meta Tech Podcast is a podcast, brought to you by Meta, where we highlight the work Meta’s engineers are doing at every level – from low-level frameworks to end-user features.

Send us feedback on InstagramThreads, or X.

And if you’re interested in learning more about career opportunities at Meta visit the Meta Careers page.





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Amazon Research Awards recipients announced

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Amazon Research Awards (ARA) provides unrestricted funds and AWS Promotional Credits to academic researchers investigating various research topics in multiple disciplines. This cycle, ARA received many excellent research proposals from across the world and today is publicly announcing 73 award recipients who represent 46 universities in 10 countries.

This announcement includes awards funded under five call for proposals during the fall 2024 cycle: AI for Information Security, Automated Reasoning, AWS AI, AWS Cryptography, and Sustainability. Proposals were reviewed for the quality of their scientific content and their potential to impact both the research community and society. Additionally, Amazon encourages the publication of research results, presentations of research at Amazon offices worldwide, and the release of related code under open-source licenses.

Recipients have access to more than 700 Amazon public datasets and can utilize AWS AI/ML services and tools through their AWS Promotional Credits. Recipients also are assigned an Amazon research contact who offers consultation and advice, along with opportunities to participate in Amazon events and training sessions.

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In both black-box stress testing and red-team exercises, Nova Premier comes out on top.

“Automated Reasoning is an important area of research for Amazon, with potential applications across various features and applications to help improve security, reliability, and performance for our customers. Through the ARA program, we collaborate with leading academic researchers to explore challenges in this field,” said Robert Jones, senior principal scientist with the Cloud Automated Reasoning Group. “We were again impressed by the exceptional response to our Automated Reasoning call for proposals this year, receiving numerous high-quality submissions. Congratulations to the recipients! We’re excited to support their work and partner with them as they develop new science and technology in this important area.”

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IAM Access Analyzer feature uses automated reasoning to recommend policies that remove unused accesses, helping customers achieve “least privilege”.

“At Amazon, we believe that solving the world’s toughest sustainability challenges benefits from both breakthrough scientific research and open and bold collaboration. Through programs like the Amazon Research Awards program, we aim to support academic research that could contribute to our understanding of these complex issues,” said Kommy Weldemariam, Director of Science and Innovation Sustainability. “The selected proposals represent innovative projects that we hope will help advance knowledge in this field, potentially benefiting customers, communities, and the environment.”

ARA funds proposals throughout the year in a variety of research areas. Applicants are encouraged to visit the ARA call for proposals page for more information or send an email to be notified of future open calls.

The tables below list, in alphabetical order by last name, fall 2024 cycle call-for-proposal recipients, sorted by research area.

AI for Information Security

Recipient University Research title
Christopher Amato Northeastern University Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Cyber Defense for Securing Cloud Computing Platforms
Bernd Bischl Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Improving Generative and Foundation Models Reliability via Uncertainty-awareness
Shiqing Ma University Of Massachusetts Amherst LLM and Domain Adaptation for Attack Detection
Alina Oprea Northeastern University Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Cyber Defense for Securing Cloud Computing Platforms
Roberto Perdisci University of Georgia ContextADBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark Suite for Contextual Anomaly Detection

Automated Reasoning

Recipient University Research title
Nada Amin Harvard University LLM-Augmented Semi-Automated Proofs for Interactive Verification
Suguman Bansal Georgia Institute of Technology Certified Inductive Generalization in Reinforcement Learning
Ioana Boureanu University of Surrey Phoebe+: An Automated-Reasoning Tool for Provable Privacy in Cryptographic Systems
Omar Haider Chowdhury Stony Brook University Restricter: An Automatic Tool for Authoring Amazon Cedar Access Control Policies with the Principle of Least Privilege
Stefan Ciobaca Alexandru Ioan Cuza University An Interactive Proof Mode for Dafny
João Ferreira INESC-ID Polyglot Automated Program Repair for Infrastructure as Code
Sicun Gao University Of California, San Diego Monte Carlo Trees with Conflict Models for Proof Search
Mirco Giacobbe University of Birmingham Neural Software Verification
Tobias Grosser University of Cambridge Synthesis-based Symbolic BitVector Simplification for Lean
Ronghui Gu Columbia University Scaling Formal Verification of Security Properties for Unmodified System Software
Alexey Ignatiev Monash University Huub: Next-Gen Lazy Clause Generation
Kenneth McMillan University of Texas At Austin Synthesis of Auxiliary Variables and Invariants for Distributed Protocol Verification
Alexandra Mendes University of Porto Overcoming Barriers to the Adoption of Verification-Aware Languages
Jason Nieh Columbia University Scaling Formal Verification of Security Properties for Unmodified System Software
Rohan Padhye Carnegie Mellon University Automated Synthesis and Evaluation of Property-Based Tests
Nadia Polikarpova University Of California, San Diego Discovering and Proving Critical System Properties with LLMs
Fortunat Rajaona University of Surrey Phoebe+: An Automated-Reasoning Tool for Provable Privacy in Cryptographic Systems
Subhajit Roy Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Theorem Proving Modulo LLM
Gagandeep Singh University of Illinois At Urbana–Champaign Trustworthy LLM Systems using Formal Contracts
Scott Stoller Stony Brook University Restricter: An Automatic Tool for Authoring Amazon Cedar Access Control Policies with the Principle of Least Privilege
Peter Stuckey Monash University Huub: Next-Gen Lazy Clause Generation
Yulei Sui University of New South Wales Path-Sensitive Typestate Analysis through Sparse Abstract Execution
Nikos Vasilakis Brown University Semantics-Driven Static Analysis for the Unix/Linux Shell
Ping Wang Stevens Institute of Technology Leveraging Large Language Models for Reasoning Augmented Searching on Domain-specific NoSQL Database
John Wawrzynek University of California, Berkeley GPU-Accelerated High-Throughput SAT Sampling

AWS AI

Recipient University Research title
Panagiotis Adamopoulos Emory University Generative AI solutions for The Spillover Effect of Fraudulent Reviews on Product Recommendations
Vikram Adve University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Fellini: Differentiable ML Compiler for Full-Graph Optimization for LLM Models
Frances Arnold California Institute of Technology Closed-loop Generative Machine Learning for De Novo Enzyme Discovery and Optimization
Yonatan Bisk Carnegie Mellon University Useful, Safe, and Robust Multiturn Interactions with LLMs
Shiyu Chang University of California, Santa Barbara Cut the Crap: Advancing the Efficient Communication of Multi-Agent Systems via Spatial-Temporal Topology Design and KV Cache Sharing
Yuxin Chen University of Pennsylvania Provable Acceleration of Diffusion Models for Modern Generative AI
Tianlong Chen University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Cut the Crap: Advancing the Efficient Communication of Multi-Agent Systems via Spatial-Temporal Topology Design and KV Cache Sharing
Mingyu Ding University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Aligning Long Videos and Language as Long-Horizon World Models
Nikhil Garg Cornell University Market Design for Responsible Multi-agent LLMs
Jessica Hullman Northwestern University Human-Aligned Uncertainty Quantification in High Dimensions
Christopher Jermaine Rice University Fast, Trusted AI Using the EINSUMMABLE Compiler
Yunzhu Li Columbia University Physics-Informed Foundation Models Through Embodied Interactions
Pattie Maes Massachusetts Institute of Technology Understanding How LLM Agents Deviate from Human Choices
Sasa Misailovic University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Fellini: Differentiable ML Compiler for Full-Graph Optimization for LLM Models
Kristina Monakhova Cornell University Trustworthy extreme imaging for science using interpretable uncertainty quantification
Todd Mowry Carnegie Mellon University Efficient LLM Serving on Trainium via Kernel Generation
Min-hwan Oh Seoul National University Mutually Beneficial Interplay Between Selection Fairness and Context Diversity in Contextual Bandits
Patrick Rebeschini University of Oxford Optimal Regularization for LLM Alignment
Jose Renau University of California, Santa Cruz Verification Constrained Hardware Optimization using Intelligent Design Agentic Programming
Vilma Todri Emory University Generative AI solutions for The Spillover Effect of Fraudulent Reviews on Product Recommendations
Aravindan Vijayaraghavan Northwestern University Human-Aligned Uncertainty Quantification in High Dimensions
Wei Yang University of Texas at Dallas Optimizing RISC-V Compilers with RISC-LLM and Syntax Parsing
Huaxiu Yao University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Aligning Long Videos and Language as Long-Horizon World Models
Amy Zhang University of Washington Tools for Governing AI Agent Autonomy
Ruqi Zhang Purdue University Efficient Test-time Alignment for Large Language Models and Large Multimodal Models
Zheng Zhang Rutgers University-New Brunswick AlphaQC: An AI-powered Quantum Circuit Optimizer and Denoiser

AWS Cryptography

Recipient University Research title
Alexandra Boldyreva Georgia Institute of Technology Quantifying Information Leakage in Searchable Encryption Protocols
Maria Eichlseder Graz University of Technology, Austria SALAD – Systematic Analysis of Lightweight Ascon-based Designs
Venkatesan Guruswami University of California, Berkeley Obfuscation, Proof Systems, and Secure Computation: A Research Program on Cryptography at the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing
Joseph Jaeger Georgia Institute of Technology Analyzing Chat Encryption for Group Messaging
Aayush Jain Carnegie Mellon Large Scale Multiparty Silent Preprocessing for MPC from LPN
Huijia Lin University of Washington Large Scale Multiparty Silent Preprocessing for MPC from LPN
Hamed Nemati KTH Royal Institute of Technology Trustworthy Automatic Verification of Side-Channel Countermeasures for Binary Cryptographic Programs using the HoIBA libary
Karl Palmskog KTH Royal Institute of Technology Trustworthy Automatic Verification of Side-Channel Countermeasures for Binary Cryptographic Programs using the HoIBA libary
Chris Peikert University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Practical Third-Generation FHE and Bootstrapping
Dimitrios Skarlatos Carnegie Mellon University Scale-Out FHE LLMs on GPUs
Vinod Vaikuntanathan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Can Quantum Computers (Really) Factor?
Daniel Wichs Northeastern University Obfuscation, Proof Systems, and Secure Computation: A Research Program on Cryptography at the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing
David Wu University Of Texas At Austin Fast Private Information Retrieval and More using Homomorphic Encryption

Sustainability

Recipient University Research title
Meeyoung Cha Max Planck Institute Forest-Blossom (Flossom): A New Framework for Sustaining Forest Biodiversity Through Outcome-Driven Remote Sensing Monitoring
Jingrui He University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Foundation Model Enabled Earth’s Ecosystem Monitoring
Pedro Lopes University of Chicago AI-powered Tools that Enable Engineers to Make & Re-make Sustainable Hardware
Cheng Yaw Low Max Planck Institute Forest-Blossom (Flossom): A New Framework for Sustaining Forest Biodiversity Through Outcome-Driven Remote Sensing Monitoring





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Independent evaluations demonstrate Nova Premier’s safety

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AI safety is a priority at Amazon. Our investment in safe, transparent, and responsible AI (RAI) includes collaboration with the global community and policymakers. We are members of and collaborate with organizations such as the Frontier Model Forum, the Partnership on AI, and other forums organized by government agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Consistent with Amazon’s endorsement of the Korea Frontier AI Safety Commitments, we published our Frontier Model Safety Framework earlier this year.

Amazon Nova Premier’s guardrails help prevent generation of unsafe content.

During the development of the Nova Premier model, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation to assess its performance and safety. This included testing on both internal and public benchmarks and internal/automated and third-party red-teaming exercises. Once the final model was ready, we prioritized obtaining unbiased, third-party evaluations of the model’s robustness against RAI controls. In this post, we outline the key findings from these evaluations, demonstrating the strength of our testing approach and Amazon Premier’s standing as a safe model. Specifically, we cover our evaluations with two third-party evaluators: PRISM AI and ActiveFence.

Evaluation of Nova Premier against PRISM AI

PRISM Eval’s Behavior Elicitation Tool (BET) dynamically and systematically stress-tests AI models’ safety guardrails. The methodology focuses on measuring how many adversarial attempts (steps) it takes to get a model to generate harmful content across several key risk dimensions. The central metric is “steps to elicit” — the number of increasingly sophisticated prompting attempts required before a model generates an inappropriate response. A higher number of steps indicates stronger safety measures, as the model is more resistant to manipulation. The PRISM risk dimensions (inspired by the MLCommons AI Safety Benchmarks) include CBRNE weapons, violent crimes, non-violent crimes, defamation, and hate, amongst several others.

Related content

From reinforcement learning and supervised fine-tuning to guardrail models and image watermarking, responsible AI was foundational to the design and development of the Amazon Nova family of models.

Using the BET Eval tool and its V1.0 metric, which is tailored toward non-reasoning models, we compared the recently released Nova models (Pro and Premier) to the latest models in the same class: Claude (3.5 v2 and 3.7 non-reasoning) and Llama4 Maverick, all available through Amazon Bedrock. PRISM BET conducts black-box evaluations (where model developers don’t have access to the test prompts) of models integrated with their API. The evaluation conducted with BET Eval MAX, PRISM’s most comprehensive/aggressive testing suite, revealed significant variations in safety against malicious instructions. Nova models demonstrated superior overall safety performance, with an average of 43 steps for Premier and 52 steps for Pro, compared to 37.7 for Claude 3.5 v2 and fewer than 12 steps for other models in the comparison set (namely, 9.9 for Claude3.7, 11.5 for Claude 3.7 thinking, and 6.5 for Maverick). This higher step count suggests that on average, Nova’s safety guardrails are more sophisticated and harder to circumvent through adversarial prompting. The figure below presents the number of steps per harm category evaluated through BET Eval MAX.

Results of tests using PRISM’s BET Eval MAX testing suite.

The PRISM evaluation provides valuable insights into the relative safety of different Amazon Bedrock models. Nova’s strong performance, particularly in hate speech and defamation resistance, represents meaningful progress in AI safety. However, the results also highlight the ongoing challenge of building truly robust safety measures into AI systems. As the field continues to evolve, frameworks like BET will play an increasingly important role in benchmarking and improving AI safety. As a part of this collaboration Nicolas Miailhe, CEO of PRISM Eval, said, “It’s incredibly rewarding for us to see Nova outperforming strong baselines using the BET Eval MAX; our aim is to build a long-term partnership toward safer-by-design models and to make BET available to various model providers.” Organizations deploying AI systems should carefully consider these safety metrics when selecting models for their applications.

Manual red teaming with ActiveFence

The AI safety & security company ActiveFence benchmarked Nova Premier on Bedrock on prompts distributed across Amazon’s eight core RAI categories. ActiveFence also evaluated Claude 3.7 (non-reasoning mode) and GPT 4.1 API on the same set. The flag rate on Nova Premier was lower than that on the other two models, indicating that Nova Premier is the safest of the three.

Model 3P Flag Rate [↓ is better]
Nova Premier 12.0%
Sonnet 3.7 (non-reasoning) 20.6%
GPT4.1 API 22.4%

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Generative AI raises new challenges in defining, measuring, and mitigating concerns about fairness, toxicity, and intellectual property, among other things. But work has started on the solutions.

“Our role is to think like an adversary but act in service of safety,” said Guy Paltieli from ActiveFence. “By conducting a blind stress test of Nova Premier under realistic threat scenarios, we helped evaluate its security posture in support of Amazon’s broader responsible-AI goals, ensuring the model could be deployed with greater confidence.”

These evaluations conducted with PRISM and ActiveFence give us confidence in the strength of our guardrails and our ability to protect our customers’ safety when they use our models. While these evaluations demonstrate strong safety performance, we recognize that AI safety is an ongoing challenge requiring continuous improvement. These assessments represent a point-in-time snapshot, and we remain committed to regular testing and enhancement of our safety measures. No AI system can guarantee perfect safety in all scenarios, which is why we maintain monitoring and response systems after deployment.

Acknowledgments: Vincent Ponzo, Elyssa Vincent





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